Agricultural Science Lesson Notes

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Classification of Crops based on Uses of Crops

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<h1><strong>CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ON USES OF CROPS</strong></h1> CONTENT Classification of Crops based on Uses of Crops <ol> <li>Food and Feed Crops</li> <li>Fibre Crops</li> <li>Oil Crops</li> <li>Latex Crops</li> <li>Beverage Crops</li> <li>Spice Crops</li> <li>Forage Crops</li> <li>Sugar Crops</li> <li>Drug Crops</li> <li>Stimulant Crops</li> <li>Ornamental Crops</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Classification of Crop based on Uses of Crops</strong></h2> Agricultural crops can also be classified on the basis of their economic products or uses. In this classification a crop may belong to more than one group. <h2><strong>Food and Feed Crops: </strong></h2> These crops are produced mainly for consumption by man or livestock. Their various parts are eaten raw, cooked or processed. Food crops can be grouped into the following classes: (i) Cereal crops (ii) Legumes (iii) Vegetable crops (iv) Root and tuber crops (v) Fruit crops <h3><strong>Cereal Crops</strong>:</h3> These crops belong to the grass family called Gramineae. They are grown for their seeds or grains and are rich in carbohydrates (starch). Some grains are ground into powder. Bread is made from wheat and rye flour. Breakfast food, cakes and pastries and livestock feeds are also made from cereals. Examples are rice, millet, rye, maize, sorghum (guinea corn), wheat, barley, oats, acha. etc. The most important cereal crops are rice, wheat and corn. <img class="size-full wp-image-32083 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/classification-of-crops-based-on-uses-of-crops.jpg" alt="Classification of Crop based on Uses of Crops" width="498" height="156" />

Meaning, Types and Classification of Pests

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<h1><strong>MEANING, TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF PESTS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Pest</li> <li>Type of Pests</li> <li>Classification of Pests based on Mouth Parts</li> <li>Classification of Insect Pests based on the Location</li> </ol> <strong> </strong> <h2><strong>Meaning of Pest</strong></h2> Pest can be defined simply as any living organism, plant or animal, which can cause damage to cultivated crops, animals and human beings. Human beings can also be called pests if they cause damage to crops or livestock. Pests can carry organisms that cause diseases and constitute nuisance to agricultural products. Majority of crop pests are invertebrates e.g. insects and eel-worms.

Animal Feeds and Feeding

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<strong>ANIMAL FEEDS AND FEEDING</strong> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Feeds</li> <li>Type of Feeds or Feed-stuff</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Feeds</strong></h2> <span class="highlight">Feeds are the food given to animals for growth and reproduction.</span> Animals need feed on daily basis for them to grow and reproduce. The feed given to poultry birds are called mash. Thus, there is growers mash for young fowls, finisher mash for adult fowls while layers mash is for fowls that lay eggs. <br> <h2><strong>Type of Feeds or Feed-stuff</strong></h2> Feeds or feed stuff can generally be classified into the following: <ol> <li>Energy-yielding feeds</li> <li>Protein-yielding feeds</li> <li>Mineral-yielding feeds</li> <li>Vitamin-yielding feeds</li> <li>Forages</li> <li>Silage</li> <li>Hay</li> <li>Fodder</li> <li>Chaff</li> <li>Pasture</li> </ol> <br> <h3>1.<strong> Energy-yielding Feeds</strong></h3> These are feeds that are rich in energy and are highly digestible by farm animals. They have low crude fibre content. Examples of the energy-yielding feed stuff are:

Definition and Importance of Farm Records

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<h1><strong>DEFINITION AND USES OF FARM RECORDS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Farm Records</li> <li>Importance of Farm Records</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Farm Records </strong></h2> Farm records are written documents showing major activities going on in the farming business. Farm records may also be defined as the records of all the operations that are undertaken in the farm throughout the year. To enable a farmer to manage his farm very well, he must keep some records. <h2><strong>Importance of Farm Records </strong></h2> The following are the importance of farm records:

Land and its Uses

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<h1><strong>LAND AND ITS USES</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Land</li> <li>Characteristics of Land</li> <li>Classification of Land</li> <li>Factors Affecting Land Availability and Uses</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Land </strong></h2> Land can be defined as the solid part of the earth’s surface which comprise of water, air , soil, rocks, minerals, natural vegetation and animals and which is suitable for agricultural production. It can also be defined as the uppermost layer of the earth's crust on which agricultural and non-agricultural activities are carried out.   <h2><strong>Characteristics of Land</strong></h2> The following are the characteristics of land: <ol> <li>Land is a free gift of nature</li> <li>it is immobile</li> <li>limited in supply</li> <li>It is a factor of agricultural production.</li> <li>Land can appreciate and depreciate over time</li> <li>It is heterogeneous in quality. i.e. it differs in one place to the another in area of the topography,texture,structure,fertility etc.</li> <li>The reward for land is rent.</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Classification of Land</strong></h2> <h3><strong>Classification of Land Based on Use</strong></h3> Land can be classified based on the uses they are put into. Thus we have: <h4><strong>Agricultural Land </strong></h4> This include land for; <ul> <li>Crop production</li> <li>Livestock production and fisheries</li> <li>Forestry</li> <li>Wildlife conservation</li> </ul> <h5><strong>Uses of Land for Agricultural Production</strong></h5> <h6>(i) <strong>Production of Crops </strong></h6> Land is used for producing both food crops like yam, maize, rice, cassava, cowpea etcand cash crops like cocoa, rubber, oil palm, cotton etc.land used for these activities is usually fertile <strong>Importance or Merits of Production of Crops </strong> The importance of crops include;

Common Types of Ornamental Plants

<h1>COMMON TYPES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Types of Ornamental Plants According to their Uses</li> <li>Settings and Location for Planting Each Type of Ornamental Plant</li> </ol>   <h2>Types of Ornamental Plants According to their Uses</h2> <strong>Ornamental plants</strong> can be used differently due to the different nature and unique features exhibited by these plants. Based on the different uses ornamental plants can be classified into: 1.<strong> Hedging plants:</strong> These are mainly shrubs and trees often used as hedges in gardens, homes, offices or similar structures. Examples of such plants are: <ul> <li>Pride of Barbados (Caesalpinia pulcherrima)</li> <li>Alamanda (Allamanda cathartica)</li> <li>Wild Rose (Rosa aciculris)</li> <li>Hibiscus (Hibiscus spp)</li> <li>Ixora (Ixora coccinea)</li> <li>Crotons (Codiaeum variagatum)</li> </ul> 2. <strong>Bedding plants: </strong>These are mostly flowering plants used for decorative or commercial purposes in hones or gardens. An example is

Principles of Demand and Supply

<h1>PRINCIPLES OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Demand and Law of Demand</li> <li>The Demand Schedule and Demand Curve</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Demand for Agricultural Produce</li> <li>Movement along the Demand Curve</li> <li>Shift in Demand Curve</li> <li>Elasticity of Demand</li> <li>Meaning of Supply and Law of Supply</li> <li>The Supply Schedule and Supply Curve</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Supply of Agricultural Produce</li> <li>Elasticity of Supply</li> <li>Price Determination</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Demand</h2> Demand can be defined as the quantity of a commodity that an individual is willing and able to buy at a specific price within a given period of time. Demand is more than the desire to have something. It must be backed with the ability to pay the price.   <h2>The Law of Demand</h2> This law states that there is inverse relationship between the price and the quantity of produce demanded. It therefore means that the higher the price the lower the quantity demanded.   <h2>The Demand Schedule</h2> Makes the law of demand explicit. It shows the relationship between the price and the quantity of the commodity demanded. Demand schedule shows the amount of a commodity that a person will buy at various prices in a given period.

Marketing of Agricultural Produce in Nigeria

<h1>MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE IN NIGERIA</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Marketing Functions</li> <li>Marketing of Export Crops</li> <li>Importance of Exporting Agricultural Produce</li> <li>Measures taken by Government to Promote Exportation of Crops and Livestock Products in Nigeria</li> <li>Steps Involved in Exporting Agricultural Produce</li> <li>Corporate Bodies, Cooperative Societies and Individuals Engaged in Exporting Agricultural Products</li> <li>Problems of Agricultural Marketing</li> </ol>   <h2>Marketing Functions</h2> Marketing functions are the activities of the various marketing agents on the farm produce to be offered for sale. They are otherwise known as marketing functions and services carried out before the produce reaches the final consumer. These marketing functions are; (i)<strong> Farm-level Processing: </strong>This is the immediate processing of farm produce after harvesting in readiness for market. For example, cocoa processing, drying of farm produce and cleaning of farm produce. (ii)<strong> Grading or Sorting: </strong>This is the grouping of farm produce into various sizes, weights and quality for easy handling. (iii)<strong> Packaging: </strong>This is the loading of farm produce into various packs and labeling of the graded commodities. It can be describe as the technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sales and use. Packaging contains, protects, informs and sells the product. (iv)<strong> Storage or warehousing: </strong>This is the keeping of the farm produce in a store for a period of time before sales or export. (v)<strong> Transportation: </strong>This is the movement of produce from one location to another; that is from the store house to the market or port for exports.

Classification of Crops based on Source of Food Nutrients

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<h1><strong>CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ON SOURCE OF FOOD NUTRIENTS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Classification based on Sources of Food Nutrients e.g. carbohydrates, protein, fat and oil, minerals, vitamins, etc</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Sources of Food Nutrients</strong></h2> Crops can also be grouped based on the class of nutrient derived from them. <strong>Table showing classification of crops based on nutrients, their sources and functions </strong>

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