Classification of Crops based on Source of Food Nutrients

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<h1><strong>CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ON SOURCE OF FOOD NUTRIENTS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Classification based on Sources of Food Nutrients e.g. carbohydrates, protein, fat and oil, minerals, vitamins, etc</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Sources of Food Nutrients</strong></h2> Crops can also be grouped based on the class of nutrient derived from them. <strong>Table showing classification of crops based on nutrients, their sources and functions </strong>

Description of the Damage Done by Pests

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<h1><strong>DESCRIPTION OF THE DAMAGE DONE BY PESTS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Description of the Damage Done by Pests</li> <li>Table Showing the Description of Damage Done by Crop Pests</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Description of the Damage Done by Pests</strong></h2> Crop pests do a lot of damage to crops either on the farm or in the store. The damages done by pests include: (i) Some insect pests are carriers of diseases which they transmit to healthy plants. Examples of diseases transmitted by insect are: ground nut rosette, cassava mosaic, swollen shoot of cocoa, etc. (ii) Mammals (rodents) e.g. rats, grass-cutter eat up the tubers of yam, cassava and potato.

Animal Feeds and Feeding (continued)

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<h1><strong>ANIMAL FEEDS AND FEEDING</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Ration</li> <li>Types of Ration</li> <li>Meaning, Causes and Symptoms of Malnutrition</li> <li>Factors that Affect Feed Requirements of Farm Animals</li> <li>Reasons for Feeding Farm Animals</li> <li>Equipment Used for Feeding Farm Animals</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Ration</strong></h2> Ration is the quantity or amount of feed given to farm animals daily or over a period of 24 hours. The type of ration given to a particular farm animal is largely dependent on the purpose of production. A balanced ration is a ration containing all the nutrients in the right proportion for growth and development. <br> <h2><strong>Types of Ration</strong></h2> <ol> <li>Maintenance ration</li> <li>Production ration</li> </ol> <h3>1.<strong> Maintenance Ration</strong></h3> This is the amount of feed given to an animal to prevent an increase or decrease in the life weight of the animal. It is given to maintain a particular weight, shape and size.

Types of Farm Records and their Uses

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<h1><strong>TYPES OF FARM RECORDS AND THEIR USES</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Types of Farm Records and their Uses</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Types of Farm Records and their Uses</strong></h2> The farm records which a good farmer should keep include: Farm diary, Farm inventory, Input records, Production records, Consumption records, Sales records, Payroll or Labour record, Profit and loss account <h3>1.<strong> Farm diary</strong></h3> A farm diary is a record of the daily activities carried out on the farm. A typical farm record shows type of work done, date, the number of workers, time spent, observations and others. It serves as a good reference book to obtain information about the farm.

Factors Affecting Land Availability for Agricultural Purposes

<h2>FACTORS AFFECTING LAND AVAILABILITY FOR AGRICULTURAL PURPOSES</h2> CONTENT <ol> <li>Factors Affecting Land Availability and Uses</li> </ol> <br> <h2><strong>Factors Affecting Land Availability and Uses</strong></h2> Many factor affect land availability and uses in Nigeria. Some of these are; <ol> <li>Land tenure system</li> <li>Population pressure</li> <li>The size of useful land in the country</li> <li>Climatic factors</li> <li>Soil factors</li> <li>Cultivation practices</li> <li>Cultural practices</li> <li>Topography</li> <li>Government policy</li> <li>Religious beliefs</li> <li>Environmental pollution</li> </ol>   <h3>(i)<strong> Land tenure system</strong></h3> Land tenure is the system of land ownership including the rights and obligations governing its acquisition and disposal. The prevailing system of land ownership in Nigeria does not encourage prospective farmers to acquire large hectares of land because the actual owners feel that their young ones are being robbed o f their inheritance.In Nigeria, land is mostly acquired through inheritance and shared among the beneficiaries ,due to fragmentation of land it becomes difficult to carryout large scale farming. Similarly communal land tenure does not make land available for agriculture too. Land is jointly owned by community. At times, government holds such land in trust for the community and later releases such land for building industrial layout ,thus making lands unavailable for agricultural activities. <h3>(ii)<strong> Population Pressure </strong></h3>

Husbandry of Selected Crops (continued)

<h1>HUSBANDRY OF SELECTED CROPS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Vegetables - Tomato</li> <li>Beverages - Cocoa</li> <li>Oil - Oil Palm</li> </ol>   <h2>Tomato: <em>Lycopersicon esculentum</em></h2> <h3>Description of Tomato</h3> This is an annual vegetable crop grown for its fruits. The plant has a weak hairy and triangular stem which bears side branches. It has compound leaves, borne alternately on the stem and branches. Tomato bears yellow flowers; the fruit are green and turn red, pink or yellow when ripe. The fruit can be eaten raw/ cooked, used for soup or stew preparation, or in preparing vegetable salad and other food. <h3>Varieties of Tomato</h3> Cultivated varieties of tomato are Roma, Bonny best, Hot set, Ife plum, Romita, money-maker, pork, and local cultivars. <h3>Land Preparation for Tomato Cultivation</h3> Land clearing is done manually with cutlass, ridges is made with hoe, or can be prepared by ploughing, harrowing and ridging. <h3>Method of Propagation</h3> Propagation is by seed planted either directly or first in nursery and later transfer to the field. The planting could be by drilling or broadcasting. <h3>Soil Requirement</h3> It does best in a rich drained loamy soil. <h3>Climate</h3> Tomato is a warm season crop and does best under dry condition. Annual rainfall is 750mm. Temperature is between 20ºC to 25ºC. <h3>Planting Date</h3> Early September to October <h3>Seed Rate</h3> 5-10kg of seeds/ha <h3>Nursery Practices</h3> It is done on ground, beds or seed boxes. Seeds are sown in drill 5cm apart and 2.5cm deep Shading, mulching, weeding and watering are done. Nursery last for 3 weeks when the plants are at three leaved stage <h3>Spacing</h3> <ul> <li>60cm × 60cm without staking</li> <li>50cm × 30cm with staking</li> </ul> <h3>Transplanting</h3> Transplanting is done after the seedlings have reached about 15-20cm tall. This is about 25-30days. The plants should have attained up to 4-5 leaves stage before transplanting to the field. Planting in the field is 45-60cm between rows and 30-45cm between plants. Transplanting should done in the evening or during cool weather together with the ‘ball of earth’ to ensure survival of the seedlings. <h3>Cultural Practices</h3> <ol> <li>Weeding</li> <li>Watering (this should be done immediately after transplanting morning and evening)</li> <li>Fertilizer application: NPK 15:15:15 and organic manure are necessary</li> <li>Staking: this is to enable plants stand erect and prevent lodging. It also allows for good fruiting and keep fruit from disease attack arising from contact with soil.</li> </ol> <h3>Harvesting, Processing and Storage</h3> Tomato matures between 2-4 months after planting (from transplanting). Harvesting is done by hand picking and it starts as from two months. For a short period, tomato can be stored in a refrigerator or spread on the floor in an airy room. For a long term storage, tomatoes are turned into paste and canned <h3>Pests of Tomato</h3>

Implications of Demand and Supply for Agricultural Production

<h1>IMPLICATIONS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Implications of Demand and Supply for Agricultural Production</li> <li>Price Support and its Effects on Agriculture</li> <li>Price Control and Effects on Agriculture</li> <li>Subsidy and its Effects on Agriculture</li> <li>Reasons for Farm Subsidies</li> </ol>   <h2>Implications of Demand and Supply for Agricultural Production</h2> The implications of demand and supply for agricultural production include the following: <ol> <li>When the demand for a farm produce exceeds supply, price tends to rise.</li> <li>When the demand for a farm produce is lower than the supply, the price falls.</li> <li>Increase in the income of the consumer will make them demand for more farm produce vice versa.</li> <li>Increase in the price of produce may lead to low demand for it and shift to the close substitute that has a lower price.</li> <li>High cost of production may lead to low output, low supply and high prices of produce and vice versa.</li> <li>Supply of farm produce will be low when environmental factors for production are unfavorable and vice versa.</li> <li>High cost of farm inputs may lead to low supply and high cost of farm produce and vice versa.</li> <li>If the taste of consumers is in favor of a product, the demand and price of such produce will increase and vice versa.</li> <li>Increase in the number of producers will lead to increase in supply and reduction of price and vice versa.</li> </ol>   <h2>Price Support and its Effects on Agriculture</h2> Price support is the government imposed price floors on selected farm produce. It is also known as ‘minimum prices’ established by the government above equilibrium price. The government supports in the following ways:

Agricultural Extension

<h1>AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Agricultural Extension</li> <li>Agricultural Extension as a Teaching and Learning Process<strong> </strong></li> <li>Difference between Agricultural Extension and Formal Education</li> <li>Objectives or Roles or Functions of Agricultural Extension</li> <li>Principles of Extension</li> <li>Agricultural Extension Programmes</li> <li>Agricultural Extension Methods</li> <li>Adoption of Innovation</li> <li>Qualties, Functions/Roles and Problems of Agricultural Extension Officer or Agent or Worker</li> </ol>   <h2>Definition of Agricultural Extension</h2> Agricultural extension can be defined as a process of disseminating information about new farming techniques from research stations to rural farmers through extension agents. <img class="size-full wp-image-56836 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/agricultural-extension.jpg" alt="Definition of Agricultural Extension" width="490" height="31" />   <h2>Agricultural Extension as a Teaching and Learning Process<strong> </strong></h2> Agricultural extension is an informal, out-of-school, voluntary agricultural education process involving the dissemination of useful agricultural skills and developed technologies to be adopted by rural people for an improved agriculture and better life. Agricultural extension is also the process, system or service which assists farmers or rural people through education procedures in improving farming methods and techniques. It is aimed at educating rural people and farmers on how to adopt modern methods of farming. It is to teach people how to use their skills, knowledge and information to improve their living standard. In extension, farmers learn reasons for change, value for a change, process of change and the results achievable through change.   <h2>Difference between Agricultural Extension and Formal Education</h2> Agricultural extension differs from formal education in the following ways; <ol> <li>Agricultural extension is voluntary but not compulsory</li> <li>It is problem-centred and not student or learner centred</li> <li>It has the field as its classroom</li> <li>It involves practical demonstrations</li> <li>It involves trained workers in agriculture and home economics.</li> </ol>   <h2>Objectives or Roles or Functions of Agricultural Extension</h2> The following are the objectives or functions of agricultural extension:

Distribution of Crops in Nigeria

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<h1><strong>DISTRIBUTION OF CROPS IN NIGERIA </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Distribution of Crops in Nigeria</li> <li>Distribution of Crops of Nigeria</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Distribution of Crops</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Distribution of Crops in Nigeria</strong></h2> This refers to the region where each particular crop is mostly adapted in Nigeria. <h2><strong>Distribution of Crops of Nigeria</strong></h2> As you move from the south to the north of the country, the vegetation gradually changes from forest to savanna. There is, of course, no sharp distinction between one forest zone and the other. The vegetation types rather merged into one another. This is due to the gradual change in climatic conditions in the various regions/zones.

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