Agricultural Science Lesson Notes

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Distribution of Crops in Nigeria

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<h1><strong>DISTRIBUTION OF CROPS IN NIGERIA </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Distribution of Crops in Nigeria</li> <li>Distribution of Crops of Nigeria</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Distribution of Crops</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Distribution of Crops in Nigeria</strong></h2> This refers to the region where each particular crop is mostly adapted in Nigeria. <h2><strong>Distribution of Crops of Nigeria</strong></h2> As you move from the south to the north of the country, the vegetation gradually changes from forest to savanna. There is, of course, no sharp distinction between one forest zone and the other. The vegetation types rather merged into one another. This is due to the gradual change in climatic conditions in the various regions/zones.

Effects of Crop Pests on Yield; Economic Importance of Pests

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<h1><strong>EFFECTS OF CROP PESTS ON YIELD</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Effects of Crop Pests on Yield</li> <li>Economic Importance of Pests</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Effects of Crop Pests on Yield</strong></h2> Crop pests have the following effects on crop yield: <ol> <li>Heavy attack by pests may result in total crop failure.</li> <li>Infected seeds, crops, and vegetables have low market value.</li> <li>Pests reduce the quality of crops.</li> <li>Pests eat up leaves of crops, thereby reducing the photosynthetic activity of the plant.</li> <li>They cause injury which may predisposes crop to diseases attack.</li>

Farm Animal Diseases

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<h1><strong>FARM ANIMAL DISEASES</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Disease</li> <li>Groups of Disease Causing Organisms of Livestock</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Disease</strong></h2> Disease means a change in the normal functions or well-being of farm animals which results in observable symptoms. OR It is an illness, unhealthy or abnormal condition in the body of farm animals. <br> <h2><strong>Groups of Disease Causing Organisms of Livestock</strong></h2> There are many types of disease causing organisms which attack farm animals. These organisms include; <ol> <li>bacteria,</li> <li>fungi,</li> <li>virus,</li> <li>protozoan and</li> <li>metazoan.</li> </ol> <br> <h3>1.<strong> Bacterial Diseases</strong></h3> These are diseases caused by bacteria. Bacteria are single-celled micro-organisms. Examples of bacterial diseases of farm animals include:

Computer Aided Farm Records and their Benefits

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<h1><strong>COMPUTER AIDED FARM RECORDS AND THEIR BENEFITS</strong><strong> </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Computer Aided Farm Records and their Benefits</li> <li>Types of Computer Aided Farm Records</li> <li>Determining the Ideal Computer Aided Record Program for Farm Business</li> <li>Benefits of Computer Aided Records</li> <li>Disadvantages of Computer Aided Records</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Computer Aided Farm Records and their Benefits</strong></h2> These are computer software programs that can record basic income and expense data for farmers, with quick summary and ability to prepare variety of financial reports. In a farm business, some basic reports are needed. The key ones are: <ol> <li>Transaction journal</li> <li>Depreciation schedule</li> <li>Employee reports (pay checks, withholdings, payment of employee tax, etc.)</li> <li>Information returns</li> <li>Balance sheet</li> <li>Income statement.</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Types of Computer Aided Farm Records </strong></h2> Farmers who need accurate, complete financial statements and analysis should consider using some form of computer record system such as:

Pasture and Forage Crops

<h1>PASTURE AND FORAGE CROPS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Pasture and Forage Crops</li> <li>Uses of Forage/Pasture Crops</li> <li>Types of Pasture</li> <li>Common Grasses and Legumes</li> <li>Description of Grasses and Legumes</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Distribution and Productivity of Pasture</li> <li>Establishment and Management of Pasture</li> <li>Determination of Plant Population</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Pasture and Forage Crops</h2> A pasture is an area of land on which grasses and legumes (forages) grow for animals to graze. Forage crops are plants cultivated for their vegetative portions in a pasture and are used either in fresh or preserved for feeding livestock such as cattle, sheep and goat. They may be harvested and fed to the animals in their shed (soiling/zero grazing) or animals are allowed to graze directly on the field. <img class="size-full wp-image-52037 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/pasture-and-forage-crops.jpg" alt="Pasture and forage crops" width="498" height="194" />   <h2>Uses of Forage/Pasture Crops</h2> Forage and pasture crops are used for the following: <ol> <li>Forages account for a major source of food for ruminant animals</li> <li>They serve as cover crops to conserve soil moisture and prevent soil erosion.</li> <li>They could be used as green manure e.g forage legumes</li> <li>They can be used for roofing farm stead e.g grasses</li> <li>They can also be used as bedding materials for animals</li> <li>They can fix atmospheric nitrogen into the soil</li> <li>Forage legumes increase proteins content of the pasture, add to palatability as well as increasing the nitrogen content of the soil.</li> <li>If properly managed and planned, it could be a source of balanced diet.</li> </ol> EVALUATION <ol> <li>What do you understand by the term pasture?</li> <li>State five importances of forages in livestock production.</li> </ol>   <h2>Types of Pasture</h2> There are two main types of pasture: the natural and artificial pastures: 1. <strong>The Natural Pasture</strong>: The Natural Pasture otherwise known as range land is an extensive grassland containing forage grasses and legumes, straws and other wildlife. An example of Natural Pasture is Savanna areas. They are not planted by man. <h3>Characteristics of Natural Pasture</h3>

Diseases of Crops

<h1>DISEASES OF CROPS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Disease</li> <li>Diseases of Major Crops</li> <li>Causes of Diseases</li> <li>Brief Explanations on Disease-causing Organisms</li> <li>General Effects of Disease on Crop Plants</li> <li>Diseases of Major Crops (detailed)</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Disease</h2> A disease is a departure from normal state of health, presenting marked symptoms or outward visible signs. A disease is also defined as a condition of disorder in the functioning of the tissues of an organism. It is an unfavorable condition caused by infections by pathogens or deficiency or excess of some environmental factors which result in physiological and anatomical dysfunctions expressed in characteristic symptoms.   <h2>Diseases of Major Crops</h2> The following are the diseases of major crops: (i) Cereals – Smut, rice blast, etc. (ii) Legumes - Cercospora, leaf spot, rosette, etc. (iii) Beverages - Cocoa black pod, coffee leaf rust, etc. (iv) Tuber - Cassava mosaic, bacterial leaf blight, etc. (v) Fruits - Citrus Gummosis, Diebacks, etc. (vi) Fiber - Black arm (bacterial blight of cotton) (vii) Vegetables - Root knot of tomato or okra, etc. (viii) Stored produce - Mould   <h2>Causes of Diseases</h2> <h3>(i) Pathogen Diseases</h3> These are diseases caused by living microorganisms called pathogens. e.g.

Uses of Crops

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<h1><strong>USES OF CROPS </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Uses of Crops</li> <li>Uses of Crop by-products</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Uses of Crops</strong></h2> There are many uses of crops. These include: <ol> <li>Provision of food for humans</li> <li>It provides shelter (houses) for people to live.</li> <li>Clothing materials are made from crop materials e.g. cotton.</li> <li>Crops planted can be used to control erosion.</li> <li>Some crops are used as ornamentals such as flower to decorate and beautify our surroundings.</li>

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