Factors Affecting the Distribution of Livestock in Nigeria

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<h1><strong>FACTORS AFFECTING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIVESTOCK IN NIGERIA</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Factors Affecting the Distribution of Livestock in Nigeria</li> <li>Table Showing Terms Associated With Some Farm Animals</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Factors Affecting the Distribution of Livestock in Nigeria</strong></h2> The population of certain kinds of farm animal is more in certain areas than in others. There are factors responsible. Up to 80% of grazing livestock is to be found in the savanna zone of northern Nigeria. This is because of the following factors: 1. <strong>Food/Availability of good pasture</strong>: This constitutes the bulk of the feed of livestock. Large expanse of grassland is abundant in northern Nigeria, and for this reason there is greater population of cattle, sheep and goats, which graze on the pasture grasses and legumes found in this area than in southern Nigeria. 2.<strong> Climate: </strong>Animal production is usually affected adversely by too hot or too cold weather conditions. For instance, pigs do not have sweat glands, so they do not perspire; rearing them in a hot climate will greatly reduce their efficiency. Moreover, the growth and multiplication of pests and diseases is also encouraged by high temperature and rainfall, and this hinders the growth and performance of livestock.

Factors of Production: Capital

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<h1><strong>FACTORS OF PRODUCTION - CAPITAL </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Capital (Money)</li> <li>Characteristics of Capital</li> <li>Types of Capital/Assets</li> <li>Differences between Fixed Capital and Working Capital</li> <li>Importance of Capital in Agriculture</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Capital (Money)</strong></h2> Capital refers to all man-made productive assets which are used in production e.g. hoes, plough, farm building, cash etc. <strong>OR </strong> These are assets made by man to enable him to produce goods and services. <h2><strong>Characteristics of Capital</strong></h2> The following are the characteristics of capital:

Modes of Transmission and Symptoms of Farm Animal Diseases

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<h1><strong>MODES OF TRANSMISSION AND SYMPTOMS OF FARM ANIMAL DISEASES</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Mode of Transmission of Disease Causing Organisms</li> <li>Types of Diseases based on Mode of Transmission</li> <li>Farm Animal Diseases/Symptoms of Farm Animal Diseases/Mode of Transmission (Tabulated)</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Mode of Transmission of Disease Causing Organisms</strong></h2> The following are the mode of transmission of farm animals diseases from one animal to the other. <ol> <li>Airborne</li> <li>Animal carriers e.g visitors, attendants etc.</li> <li>Direct contact with infected animals</li> <li>Insect vectors – tsetse flies, etc.</li> <li>Contact with Droppings of infected animals</li> <li>Contaminated feeds and water</li> <li>Contact with infected animals</li> <li>Vectors e.g. tick, tse-tseflies.</li> <li>Contaminated Feeding or water troughs.</li> <li>Through nasal and oral discharges of the sick animals</li> </ol> <br> <h2><strong>Types of Diseases based on Mode of Transmission</strong></h2> Diseases of livestock could be any of the following: <ol> <li>Infectious disease</li> <li>Contagious disease</li> <li>Diseases Transmitted from Animals to Humans</li> </ol> <br> <h3><strong>Infectious Disease</strong></h3> Infectious disease affects animals without physical contact with the infected animals. It can be transmitted to healthy animals through water, air, or feeds. eg Anthrax, Coccidiosis, and Fowl typhoid.

Types of Farm Records and their Uses

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<h1><strong>TYPES OF FARM RECORDS AND THEIR USES</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Types of Farm Records and their Uses</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Types of Farm Records and their Uses</strong></h2> The farm records which a good farmer should keep include: Farm diary, Farm inventory, Input records, Production records, Consumption records, Sales records, Payroll or Labour record, Profit and loss account <h3>1.<strong> Farm diary</strong></h3> A farm diary is a record of the daily activities carried out on the farm. A typical farm record shows type of work done, date, the number of workers, time spent, observations and others. It serves as a good reference book to obtain information about the farm.

Land and its Uses

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<h1><strong>LAND AND ITS USES</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Land</li> <li>Characteristics of Land</li> <li>Classification of Land</li> <li>Factors Affecting Land Availability and Uses</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Land </strong></h2> Land can be defined as the solid part of the earth’s surface which comprise of water, air , soil, rocks, minerals, natural vegetation and animals and which is suitable for agricultural production. It can also be defined as the uppermost layer of the earth's crust on which agricultural and non-agricultural activities are carried out.   <h2><strong>Characteristics of Land</strong></h2> The following are the characteristics of land: <ol> <li>Land is a free gift of nature</li> <li>it is immobile</li> <li>limited in supply</li> <li>It is a factor of agricultural production.</li> <li>Land can appreciate and depreciate over time</li> <li>It is heterogeneous in quality. i.e. it differs in one place to the another in area of the topography,texture,structure,fertility etc.</li> <li>The reward for land is rent.</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Classification of Land</strong></h2> <h3><strong>Classification of Land Based on Use</strong></h3> Land can be classified based on the uses they are put into. Thus we have: <h4><strong>Agricultural Land </strong></h4> This include land for; <ul> <li>Crop production</li> <li>Livestock production and fisheries</li> <li>Forestry</li> <li>Wildlife conservation</li> </ul> <h5><strong>Uses of Land for Agricultural Production</strong></h5> <h6>(i) <strong>Production of Crops </strong></h6> Land is used for producing both food crops like yam, maize, rice, cassava, cowpea etcand cash crops like cocoa, rubber, oil palm, cotton etc.land used for these activities is usually fertile <strong>Importance or Merits of Production of Crops </strong> The importance of crops include;

Common Types of Ornamental Plants

<h1>COMMON TYPES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Types of Ornamental Plants According to their Uses</li> <li>Settings and Location for Planting Each Type of Ornamental Plant</li> </ol>   <h2>Types of Ornamental Plants According to their Uses</h2> <strong>Ornamental plants</strong> can be used differently due to the different nature and unique features exhibited by these plants. Based on the different uses ornamental plants can be classified into: 1.<strong> Hedging plants:</strong> These are mainly shrubs and trees often used as hedges in gardens, homes, offices or similar structures. Examples of such plants are: <ul> <li>Pride of Barbados (Caesalpinia pulcherrima)</li> <li>Alamanda (Allamanda cathartica)</li> <li>Wild Rose (Rosa aciculris)</li> <li>Hibiscus (Hibiscus spp)</li> <li>Ixora (Ixora coccinea)</li> <li>Crotons (Codiaeum variagatum)</li> </ul> 2. <strong>Bedding plants: </strong>These are mostly flowering plants used for decorative or commercial purposes in hones or gardens. An example is

Implications of Demand and Supply for Agricultural Production

<h1>IMPLICATIONS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Implications of Demand and Supply for Agricultural Production</li> <li>Price Support and its Effects on Agriculture</li> <li>Price Control and Effects on Agriculture</li> <li>Subsidy and its Effects on Agriculture</li> <li>Reasons for Farm Subsidies</li> </ol>   <h2>Implications of Demand and Supply for Agricultural Production</h2> The implications of demand and supply for agricultural production include the following: <ol> <li>When the demand for a farm produce exceeds supply, price tends to rise.</li> <li>When the demand for a farm produce is lower than the supply, the price falls.</li> <li>Increase in the income of the consumer will make them demand for more farm produce vice versa.</li> <li>Increase in the price of produce may lead to low demand for it and shift to the close substitute that has a lower price.</li> <li>High cost of production may lead to low output, low supply and high prices of produce and vice versa.</li> <li>Supply of farm produce will be low when environmental factors for production are unfavorable and vice versa.</li> <li>High cost of farm inputs may lead to low supply and high cost of farm produce and vice versa.</li> <li>If the taste of consumers is in favor of a product, the demand and price of such produce will increase and vice versa.</li> <li>Increase in the number of producers will lead to increase in supply and reduction of price and vice versa.</li> </ol>   <h2>Price Support and its Effects on Agriculture</h2> Price support is the government imposed price floors on selected farm produce. It is also known as ‘minimum prices’ established by the government above equilibrium price. The government supports in the following ways:

Agricultural Extension

<h1>AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Agricultural Extension</li> <li>Agricultural Extension as a Teaching and Learning Process<strong> </strong></li> <li>Difference between Agricultural Extension and Formal Education</li> <li>Objectives or Roles or Functions of Agricultural Extension</li> <li>Principles of Extension</li> <li>Agricultural Extension Programmes</li> <li>Agricultural Extension Methods</li> <li>Adoption of Innovation</li> <li>Qualties, Functions/Roles and Problems of Agricultural Extension Officer or Agent or Worker</li> </ol>   <h2>Definition of Agricultural Extension</h2> Agricultural extension can be defined as a process of disseminating information about new farming techniques from research stations to rural farmers through extension agents. <img class="size-full wp-image-56836 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/agricultural-extension.jpg" alt="Definition of Agricultural Extension" width="490" height="31" />   <h2>Agricultural Extension as a Teaching and Learning Process<strong> </strong></h2> Agricultural extension is an informal, out-of-school, voluntary agricultural education process involving the dissemination of useful agricultural skills and developed technologies to be adopted by rural people for an improved agriculture and better life. Agricultural extension is also the process, system or service which assists farmers or rural people through education procedures in improving farming methods and techniques. It is aimed at educating rural people and farmers on how to adopt modern methods of farming. It is to teach people how to use their skills, knowledge and information to improve their living standard. In extension, farmers learn reasons for change, value for a change, process of change and the results achievable through change.   <h2>Difference between Agricultural Extension and Formal Education</h2> Agricultural extension differs from formal education in the following ways; <ol> <li>Agricultural extension is voluntary but not compulsory</li> <li>It is problem-centred and not student or learner centred</li> <li>It has the field as its classroom</li> <li>It involves practical demonstrations</li> <li>It involves trained workers in agriculture and home economics.</li> </ol>   <h2>Objectives or Roles or Functions of Agricultural Extension</h2> The following are the objectives or functions of agricultural extension:

Classification of Farm Animals based on Size and Habitat

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<h1><strong>CLASSIFICATION OF FARM ANIMALS BASED ON SIZE AND HABITAT </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Classification of Farm Animals based on Size and Habitat</li> <li>Classification of Farm Animals based on Habitat</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Classification of Farm Animals</strong></h2> Farm animals are classified based on the following criteria: <ol> <li>The size of the animal</li> <li>The habitat</li> <li>The stomach types/digestion</li> <li>The modes of reproduction</li> <li>The feeding pattern</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Classification based on the Size of Animal</strong></h2> This refers to the body size. It is further divided into two <ol> <li>Large farm animals</li> <li>Small farm animals</li> </ol> <h3><strong>Large Farm Animals</strong></h3> These are animals with large body sizes. Examples are cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, camels, horses, donkeys, etc. <img class="size-full wp-image-32367 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/work-animals-bull.jpg" alt="Farm Animals - Work animals - bull" width="304" height="208" />

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