Agricultural Science Objective Questions

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Uses of Fish and Fish Products/Other Aquatic Organisms

<h1><strong>USES OF FISH AND FISH PRODUCTS/OTHER AQUATIC ORGANISMS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Examples of Fish</li> <li>Fish Products</li> <li>Other Aquatic Food Organisms</li> <li>Uses of Fish, Fish Products and Other Aquatic Food Organisms</li> </ol> <br> <h2><strong>Examples of Fish</strong></h2> <ol> <li>Tilapia</li> <li>Cat fish</li> <li>Carp</li> <li>Shark</li> <li>Mud fish</li> <li>Croaker</li> <li>Mackerel</li> <li>Dog fish, Nile perch, etc.</li> </ol>

Journal Preparation

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<h1><strong>JOURNAL PREPARATION</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Journal</li> <li>Types of Journals</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Definition of Journal </strong></h2> The journal is another book of original entry where the details of transactions other than normal cash transactions are first recorded. Apart from being a book of original entry, it also records the transfer of items between accounts and it facilitates the correction of errors that may occur during the process of book-keeping. A typical journal form will look like this:

Environmental Factors Affecting Agricultural Production

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<h1><strong>ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Introduction</li> <li>Climate Factors</li> <li>Biotic Factors</li> <li>Edaphic Factors</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Introduction</strong></h2> Agricultural activities such as crop and livestock production are affected by several environmental factors. These environmental factors determine and influence the distribution of crops and livestock as well as the performance and productivity of crops and livestock.   <h2><strong>Climatic Factors </strong></h2> Climate can be defines as the average weather condition of a place measured over a long period of time (over 35 yrs). Elements of climate include temperature, sunlight, wind, rainfall, relative humidity, pressure, radiant energy and cloud cover. <h3><strong>Temperature </strong></h3> This is the degree of hotness or coldness of a place at a given time. The effects on plants and animals include; <ol> <li>It is essential for germination.</li> <li>It is essential for growth of plants.</li> <li>It is necessary for photosynthesis.</li> <li>It affects distribution of crops and animals.</li> <li>It affects maturity of crops i.e; ripening of fruits.</li> <li>It also determines the rate of evapo-transpiration.</li> </ol> <h3><strong>Sunlight</strong></h3> Plants need sunlight to grow. The effects of sunlight on plants include the following:

Plant Nutrient and Nutrient Cycles

<h1>PLANT NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIENTS CYCLE<strong></strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Macro and Micro Nutrients</li> <li>Sources, Functions and Deficiency Symptoms of Plant Macro Nutrients</li> <li>Sources, Functions and Deficiency Symptoms of Plant Micro Nutrients</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Availability of Nutrients</li> <li>Methods of Replenishing Soil Nutrients</li> <li>Organic Agriculture</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Macro and Micro Nutrients</h2> Nutrients are elements or substances that provide nourishment for the growth, development, metabolism and general well-being of plants. The most basic nutrient elements are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which are usually obtained from the air, soil or water medium in which the plant grows. All the other elements can be classified into two groups, macro and micro nutrients. <ol> <li><strong>Macro/Essential/Major Nutrients</strong>: Macro nutrients are mineral elements required by crops in a relatively large quantity. Examples of macro- nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorous , potassium, magnesium, calcium and sulphur.</li> <li><strong>Micro/Trace/Non Essential/Minor Nutrients</strong>: Micro nutrients, also known as trace elements are mineral elements required by crops in small quantities. Examples of micro nutrients are iron, manganese, boron, molybdenum, copper, zinc. Others appear to be helpful for the growth of certain species of plants. The functions and deficiency symptoms of these nutrients are summarized below.</li> </ol>

Pests of Crops (continued)

<h1>PESTS OF CROPS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Other Important Pests and Nature of Damages to Crop Pests</li> <li>Broad Outline/Biology of Selected Insect Pests</li> <li>Preventive and Control Measures of Crop Pests</li> <li>Side Effects of Various Preventive and Control Measures</li> <li>Effects/Economic Importance of Pests</li> </ol>   <h2>Other Important Pests and Nature of Damages to Crop Pests</h2> The non-insect pests include: <ol> <li>Birds</li> <li>Rodents</li> <li>Nematodes</li> <li>Snails</li> </ol>   <h3>Birds</h3> Many kinds of birds feed on planted crops. They attack crops like fruits, grains, oil palm, etc. while on the field. For example, the weaver birds called Quela bird feed on millet, sorghum and rice. They eat the developing seeds and cause great losses on crops. Francolin feeds on tuber crops like cassava, yam, cocoyam and grain crop. Parrots also eat lots of fruits such as mango and cocoa. Weaver birds cause defoliation to oil palm leaves, reducing photosynthetic activities of the crops. <h3>Rodents</h3> These are mammalian pests which damage crops like young oil palm trees, vegetables, yam, cassava, rice and sugar-cane. Examples are rats, monkeys, giant rats, bats, squirrel, grass cutter and antelope. Squirrels and monkeys eat cocoa pods; bats eat lots of fruits like oranges and mangoes. Ground squirrel eats or digs out and eats newly planted seeds. Grass cutter cuts and eat cereals, cassava, sugar cane and young oil palms. Rats eat and destroy stored produce like grains and tubers. <h3>Nematodes</h3> These are species of worm present in the soil. From the soil, they enter into the root of crops like tomatoes and okra where they cause the root to grow swellings called root knots. When this happens the plants have stunted growth and reduced yield <h3>Snails</h3> They are serious pests and they feed on leaves and reduce their photosynthetic ability, yield and quality of vegetables.   <h3>Nature of Damage to Crops</h3> The nature of damage by some selected crop pest are shown in the table below:

Agricultural Finance: Agricultural Credit

<h1>AGRICULTURAL FINANCE - AGRICULTURAL CREDIT</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Agricultural Credit</li> <li>Classification or Types of Agricultural Credits</li> <li>Differences between Agricultural Credits and Subsidies</li> <li>Problems Faced by Farmers in Procuring Agricultural Credits</li> <li>Problems Faced by Institutions in Granting Loans to Farmers</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Agricultural Credit</h2> Credits are loans obtained by a farmer to start or expand his farming business. It may be in kind or cash. Credits are payable over a period of time with some interest determined by the source of the credits. Before credit is given out to a farmer, the lender needs detailed information about the borrower. Certain vital statistics are usually provided, such as; <ol> <li>Reliability of the citizen</li> <li>The intended purpose</li> <li>The plan for the proposed projects (feasibility Studies)</li> <li>The ability of the farmer to execute the project successfully</li> <li>Collateral Security in form of</li> <li>Landed property (stationed in good site)</li> <li>Stocks and shares</li> <li>Life assurance policy</li> </ol>   <h2>Classification or Types of Agricultural Credits</h2> <h3>Classification of Agricultural Credits based on Length or Period of Credit</h3> There are three types or classes of credits given to the farmers. They are based on length or period namely: <ol> <li>Short term credits</li> <li>Medium term credits</li> <li>Long term credits</li> </ol>   <h4>Short Term Credit</h4> This is a productive credit which the borrower is expected to refund in a year or less. It may be used to purchase livestock feeds, fertilizers, seeds, or to pay for hired labour. They are used to produce crops such as grains and cereals and animals that mature within short period such as broilers in poultry.

The Respiratory System of Farm Animals

<h1>ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION OF FARM ANIMALS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>The Respiratory System</li> <li>Types of Respiration</li> </ol>   <h2>The Respiratory System</h2> Respiratory system includes all the organs and tissues associated with the exchange of gas between the animals and its environment leading to the release of energy. This system is responsible for the gaseous exchange. The components of this system are trachea and lungs. Trachea branches to two bronchi which divide into bronchioles which all terminate in small sack-like alveoli. The lungs consist of the bronchioles, alveoli and blood vessels. The blood carries oxygen away from the lungs to the tissues and carbon (iv) oxide from tissues back to the lungs. Gaseous exchange takes place around the alveoli. The entrance to the trachea is guided by the epiglottis which permits only air to pass through. <img class="size-full wp-image-55138 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/respiratory-system.jpg" alt="Anatomy, Physiology and Reproduction of Farm Animals - Respiratory system" width="433" height="371" />

Forms of Agricultural Activities in the Communities

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<h1><strong>FORMS OF AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES IN THE COMMUNITIES </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Growing of Crops</li> <li>Rearing of Livestock</li> <li>Salving of Farm Produce</li> <li>Rearing of Fish (fishery)</li> <li>Horticulture</li> <li>Rearing of Snail/Heliculture</li> <li>Apiculture/Bee Keeping</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Forms of Agricultural Activities in the Communities</strong></h2> Agricultural activities is any activity directly related to the production or processing of crops or livestock. The followings are forms of agricultural activities in the communities that different people involve in: <ol> <li>Cultivation and growing of crops</li> <li>Rearing of livestock</li> <li>Rearing of fish (fishery)</li> <li>Salving of farm produce</li> <li>Horticulture</li> <li>Rearing of snail/Heliculture</li> <li>Apiculture/bee keeping</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Crop Farming</strong></h2> This involves the production of different kinds of crop plants useful to man and animals. Crop plants are either called <strong>food or arable crops</strong> and <strong>cash crops. </strong>Crops that are eaten by man either cooked or raw are referred to as <strong>food crops </strong>e.g. cassava, yam, vegetable, potatoes, bean, cowpea, soya bean, maize, guinea corn etc. Crops cultivated with the aim of selling them either to our local industries or for export is called <strong>cash crops </strong>e.g cocoa, cotton, groundnut, oil palm, timber, coffee, etc.

Crop Propagation and Cultural Practices

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<h1><strong>CROP PROPAGATION AND CULTURAL PRACTICES</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Propagation</li> <li>Methods of Crop Propagation</li> <li>Sexual Propagation of Crops</li> <li>Characteristics of a Good Seed</li> <li>Asexual Propagation of Crops</li> <li>Forms of Asexual Propagation</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Propagation<u></u></strong></h2> Crop propagation is the practice of increasing the number of crop plants by sowing their seeds or planting their cuttings, leaves stems and roots. OR Crop propagation is the reproduction of a new plant as an independent unit. Propagation is primarily aimed at reproducing new young plants series by two methods. <h2><strong>Methods of Crop Propagation</strong></h2> <ol> <li>By seed (sexual propagation).</li> <li>By vegetative organs (asexual propagation).</li> </ol> <h3><strong>Sexual Propagation of Crops</strong></h3> This is the production of new plants through the use of seeds. Sexual propagation of crops involves the fertilization, that is union or joining together of male and female gametes (pollen grains and ovules) from two parents’ flowers to form the ovule which later mature to produce seeds. <strong>Seeds</strong> are the main plant form of reproduction in sexual propagation of crops. <h4><strong>Characteristics of a Good Seed</strong></h4> Seeds to be propagated should have the following characteristics:

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