Marketing of Agricultural Produce

<h1>MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Agricultural Marketing</li> <li>Importance of Agricultural Marketing</li> <li>Marketing Agents</li> <li>Marketing Channels</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Agricultural Marketing</h2> Agricultural marketing involves all the stages of operations which aid the movement of agricultural produce/commodities from the farms to the final consumers. Marketing involves assembling, storing, transporting, processing, grading of goods and financing of all these activities. It also involves the supply of raw materials to processing industries and sales of processed products.   <h2>Importance of Agricultural Marketing</h2> The following are the importance of agricultural marketing: <ol> <li>It creates a link between Farmers and the final Consumers.</li> <li>It leads to the creation of employment to the agents involved in marketing</li> <li>It makes the supply of seasonal goods possible throughout the year with little or no variation in price</li> <li>It helps to prevent wastage of produced agricultural products</li> <li>It stimulates the Government to provide infrastructure like roads, water, storage facilities, etc.</li> <li>It makes goods produced in the rural areas to be readily made available in the urban areas where agricultural goods are not usually produced</li> <li>It enables producers to determine and know the Consumer’s taste</li> <li>It ensures prompt sales of agricultural produce which increases the farmers’ revenue and profit</li> <li>It stimulates researches into the techniques of food preservation and preparation to meet the Consumer’s taste.</li> </ol> EVALUATION <ol> <li>What is Agricultural Marketing?/Explain the term <em>marketing in agriculture</em>.</li> <li>State five importance of marketing in agriculture.</li> </ol>   <h2>Marketing Agents</h2> Marketing agents are the people or corporate bodies that are directly or indirectly involved in the free flow of farm produce from the farm to the consumer. They include the following:

Marketing of Agricultural Produce in Nigeria

<h1>MARKETING OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCE IN NIGERIA</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Marketing Functions</li> <li>Marketing of Export Crops</li> <li>Importance of Exporting Agricultural Produce</li> <li>Measures taken by Government to Promote Exportation of Crops and Livestock Products in Nigeria</li> <li>Steps Involved in Exporting Agricultural Produce</li> <li>Corporate Bodies, Cooperative Societies and Individuals Engaged in Exporting Agricultural Products</li> <li>Problems of Agricultural Marketing</li> </ol>   <h2>Marketing Functions</h2> Marketing functions are the activities of the various marketing agents on the farm produce to be offered for sale. They are otherwise known as marketing functions and services carried out before the produce reaches the final consumer. These marketing functions are; (i)<strong> Farm-level Processing: </strong>This is the immediate processing of farm produce after harvesting in readiness for market. For example, cocoa processing, drying of farm produce and cleaning of farm produce. (ii)<strong> Grading or Sorting: </strong>This is the grouping of farm produce into various sizes, weights and quality for easy handling. (iii)<strong> Packaging: </strong>This is the loading of farm produce into various packs and labeling of the graded commodities. It can be describe as the technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution, storage, sales and use. Packaging contains, protects, informs and sells the product. (iv)<strong> Storage or warehousing: </strong>This is the keeping of the farm produce in a store for a period of time before sales or export. (v)<strong> Transportation: </strong>This is the movement of produce from one location to another; that is from the store house to the market or port for exports.

Agricultural Extension

<h1>AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Agricultural Extension</li> <li>Agricultural Extension as a Teaching and Learning Process<strong> </strong></li> <li>Difference between Agricultural Extension and Formal Education</li> <li>Objectives or Roles or Functions of Agricultural Extension</li> <li>Principles of Extension</li> <li>Agricultural Extension Programmes</li> <li>Agricultural Extension Methods</li> <li>Adoption of Innovation</li> <li>Qualties, Functions/Roles and Problems of Agricultural Extension Officer or Agent or Worker</li> </ol>   <h2>Definition of Agricultural Extension</h2> Agricultural extension can be defined as a process of disseminating information about new farming techniques from research stations to rural farmers through extension agents. <img class="size-full wp-image-56836 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/agricultural-extension.jpg" alt="Definition of Agricultural Extension" width="490" height="31" />   <h2>Agricultural Extension as a Teaching and Learning Process<strong> </strong></h2> Agricultural extension is an informal, out-of-school, voluntary agricultural education process involving the dissemination of useful agricultural skills and developed technologies to be adopted by rural people for an improved agriculture and better life. Agricultural extension is also the process, system or service which assists farmers or rural people through education procedures in improving farming methods and techniques. It is aimed at educating rural people and farmers on how to adopt modern methods of farming. It is to teach people how to use their skills, knowledge and information to improve their living standard. In extension, farmers learn reasons for change, value for a change, process of change and the results achievable through change.   <h2>Difference between Agricultural Extension and Formal Education</h2> Agricultural extension differs from formal education in the following ways; <ol> <li>Agricultural extension is voluntary but not compulsory</li> <li>It is problem-centred and not student or learner centred</li> <li>It has the field as its classroom</li> <li>It involves practical demonstrations</li> <li>It involves trained workers in agriculture and home economics.</li> </ol>   <h2>Objectives or Roles or Functions of Agricultural Extension</h2> The following are the objectives or functions of agricultural extension:

Agricultural Finance

<h1>AGRICULTURAL FINANCE</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Agricultural Finance</li> <li>Definition of Agricultural Finance</li> <li>Importance of Agricultural Finance</li> <li>Sources of Agricultural Finance</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Agricultural Finance</h2> It should be noted that all agricultural activities requires fiscal cash for effective farming activities. In most cases the cash has to be raised by the farmers, and where he cannot, he source for them. The loans which can be: Short, medium or long terms are paid by the farmers with interest. Farmers face a lot of problems in order to obtain the loan as they are required to provide collateral security or to pay high interest rate. Due to the nature of agricultural activities, such as (a) The risk involve (b) The long period it takes for maturity and (c) The yield at times not encouraging most financial institutions do not give loans to the farmers   <h2>Definition of Agricultural Finance</h2> This is the process of sourcing, acquiring and application of capital in agricultural business. OR Agricultural financing can also be defined as the acquisition or procurement and use of capital for the purpose of production, processing and marketing of agricultural products. It deals with the supply and demand of fund in agricultural sector economy A farmer must have money to carry out his farming activities.   <h2>Importance of Agricultural Financing</h2> <ol> <li>it enables the farmers to carry out production on a daily basis</li> <li>it helps the farmers to pay wages and other expenses</li> <li>it enables the farmers to adjust to changing economic conditions</li> <li>it increases the efficiency of production</li> <li>it ensures timeliness of operation</li>

Agricultural Finance: Agricultural Credit

<h1>AGRICULTURAL FINANCE - AGRICULTURAL CREDIT</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Agricultural Credit</li> <li>Classification or Types of Agricultural Credits</li> <li>Differences between Agricultural Credits and Subsidies</li> <li>Problems Faced by Farmers in Procuring Agricultural Credits</li> <li>Problems Faced by Institutions in Granting Loans to Farmers</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Agricultural Credit</h2> Credits are loans obtained by a farmer to start or expand his farming business. It may be in kind or cash. Credits are payable over a period of time with some interest determined by the source of the credits. Before credit is given out to a farmer, the lender needs detailed information about the borrower. Certain vital statistics are usually provided, such as; <ol> <li>Reliability of the citizen</li> <li>The intended purpose</li> <li>The plan for the proposed projects (feasibility Studies)</li> <li>The ability of the farmer to execute the project successfully</li> <li>Collateral Security in form of</li> <li>Landed property (stationed in good site)</li> <li>Stocks and shares</li> <li>Life assurance policy</li> </ol>   <h2>Classification or Types of Agricultural Credits</h2> <h3>Classification of Agricultural Credits based on Length or Period of Credit</h3> There are three types or classes of credits given to the farmers. They are based on length or period namely: <ol> <li>Short term credits</li> <li>Medium term credits</li> <li>Long term credits</li> </ol>   <h4>Short Term Credit</h4> This is a productive credit which the borrower is expected to refund in a year or less. It may be used to purchase livestock feeds, fertilizers, seeds, or to pay for hired labour. They are used to produce crops such as grains and cereals and animals that mature within short period such as broilers in poultry.

Agricultural Finance: Capital Market

<h1>AGRICULTURAL FINANCE - THE CAPITAL MARKET</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Capital Market</li> <li>Institutions Involved in the Capital Market</li> <li>Sources of Funds for the Capital Market</li> <li>The Stock Exchange Market</li> <li>Companies Involved in the Stock Exchange in Nigeria Connected with Agriculture</li> <li>The Role of the Capital Market in the Development of Agribusiness</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Capital Market</h2> A capital market is where business enterprises, companies and governments raise long term fund to carry out their activities. Capital market refer to institutions that deal with medium and long terms loans for investors to inject into their business. A typical example of a capital market is the stock market. Agricultural investors like other business practitioners can approach this market to source for fund for agribusiness.   <h2>Institutions Involved in the Capital Market</h2> The following institutions are involved in the capital market: <ol> <li>Commercial Banks</li> <li>Mortgage Banks</li> <li>Nigeria Agricultural Cooperative and rural Development Bank (NACRDB)</li> <li>Government Agencies e.g. Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN)</li> <li>Stock Broken Firms</li> </ol>   <h2>Sources of Funds for the Capital Market</h2> The capital market is funded through the following means: <ol>

Agricultural Insurance

<h1>AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Agricultural Insurance</li> <li>Importance of Agricultural Insurance</li> <li>Types of Agricultural Insurance Policies</li> <li>Various Agricultural Risks</li> <li>Insurance Terms</li> <li>Problems of Agricultural Insurance</li> </ol>   <h2>Definition of Agricultural Insurance</h2> Generally, insurance is a form of risk management used to absorb the shock of unexpected loss. Agricultural producers have series of risks affecting the income and welfare of their households. These are mainly production risks in relation to weather conditions, pests and diseases and market conditions. Agricultural insurance can be defined as the agreement where one party (insurer) promises to pay another party (insured) of a sum of money in the event of suffering a specified agricultural loss or damage.   <h2>Importance of Agricultural Insurance</h2> The following are the importance of agricultural insurance: <ol> <li>It help to give the farmers or investors peace of mind because the insurance policy will meet the financial consequences of certain risks.</li> <li>It inculcate savings habit in farmers as to prepare them for future.</li> <li>Insurance certificate can be used as collateral security to secure loans from commercial banks by farmers.</li> <li>It help to contribute to the invisible earnings of the country i.e. foreign exchange.</li> <li>Life insurance can be used as a means of preparing for old age of a farmer.</li> <li>Insurance makes fund available for investment in agriculture.</li> <li>Losses are controlled by agricultural insurance by reducing the frequency and severity of losses.</li> <li>Social benefits such as employment opportunities,job security and continued contributions to nation building are encouraged by agricultural insurance policy because business is kept alive as long as the financial consequences of certain losses are met by the insurance.</li> </ol>   <h2>Types of Agricultural Insurance Policies</h2> The types of insurance policies include the following:

Farm Records and Accounts

<h1>FARM RECORDS AND ACCOUNTS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Farm Records</li> </ol> <ul> <li>Meaning of Farm Records</li> <li>Importance of Farm Records</li> <li>Types of Farm Records</li> </ul> <ol start="2"> <li>Farm Accounts</li> </ol> <ul> <li>Definition of Farm Account</li> <li>Importance of Farm Accounts</li> <li>Types of Farm Accounts</li> <li>Definition of Some Accounting Terms</li> </ul> <ol start="3"> <li>Methods of Calculating Depreciation and Salvage Value</li> <li>Formula for Calculating Depreciation</li> </ol>   <h2>Farm Records</h2> <h3>Meaning of Farm Records</h3> Farm records refer to the documentation of all the various activities on the farm. It shows the major activities and transactions that take place in a farm enterprise over a period of time.   <h3>Importance of Farm Records</h3> A farm record keeping is advantageous in the following ways: <ol> <li>Farm records give the history of what has happened on the farm for the periods during which they are kept.</li> <li>It allows the manager to carry out performance evaluation of the farm business.</li> <li>It helps in determining the profitability of the business.</li> <li>It is an indispensable tool for the farm manager during planning and budgeting.</li> <li>It allows the manager to determine the efficiency levels of inputs used in the production.</li> <li>It is a vital requirement when seeking loans from banks.</li> <li>It enable both the government and managers to determine the amount of money payable by the farm business.</li> <li>It enables the manager to make or take sound management decisions about the farm.</li> <li>It is useful for insurance purposes.</li> <li>It gives room for comparism with the same farm enterprises in the same areas.</li> <li>Proper farm records assist the government at various levels when planning national agricultural and economic development programmes.</li> <li>It determines the farmers management skills.</li> <li>It gives an actual value of the farm in case of winding up.</li> <li>It also gives the actual farm yields.</li> </ol>   <h3>Types of Farm Records</h3> A good farm or farm manager keeps many important records which include the following: <ol> <li>Inventory records</li> <li>Farm dairy</li> <li>Production/yield record</li> <li>Income and expenditure record</li> <li>Inputs records</li> <li>Labour records</li> <li>Sales records</li> <li>Purchases records</li> <li>Supplementary records</li> <li>Consumption record</li> </ol>   <h4>Farm Inventory Record</h4> Farm inventory record is a written document containing the list of all items in the farm at a particular time. It is the complete account and evaluation of all assets and liabilities on the farm at a specified date. It shows the state of each equipment and its value.It is usually ten at beginning and at the end of each year. Below is an example of inventory record.

Crop Improvement

<h1>CROP IMPROVEMENT</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Crop Improvement</li> <li>Aims of Crop Improvement</li> <li>Methods/Process of Crop Improvement</li> <li>Genetic Terms</li> <li>Mendelian Laws of Inheritance</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Crop Improvement</h2> Crop improvement refers to the ways of developing and breeding of crop varieties which are better than the pre-existing cultivars in a number of characters like taste, height, colour, etc. for a better yield. Crop improvement is defined as the science that deals with the development of new crop varieties with superior quality and quantity.   <h2>Aims of Crop Improvement</h2> The following are the aims of crop improvement: <ol> <li>To improve the quality of produce</li> <li>To increase crop yield</li> <li>To adapt crops to adverse climatic conditions</li> <li>To induce resistance to pests and diseases in crop plants</li> <li>To conserve land resources</li> <li>To breed crops with uniform growth and maturity</li> <li>To meet particular needs of growers and consumers</li> <li>To improve harvesting qualities thereby harvesting is done with ease</li> <li>To meet the needs of consumers (processors or industrialists)</li> </ol>   <h2>Methods/Process of Crop Improvement</h2> The methods of crop improvement include the following: (a) Introduction (b) Selection (c) Hybridization/Cross Breeding   <h3>(a) Introduction</h3> Involves movement of plant(s) from the centre of origin of a supposed centre of evolution to another place where they can adapt and survive. Such imported crops are usually guaranteed by the nation’s plant quarantine service before introducing it to the country.   <h4>Advantages of Introduction</h4> <ol> <li>It is used to upgrade the qualities of the local varieties.</li> <li>It brings about varieties adaptable to the soil and climatic conditions of the new area.</li> <li>It enhances greater productivity.</li>

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