<h1>WOODWORK HAND TOOLS</h1> <p>CONTENT</p> <ol> <li>Classes of Wood Work Hand Tools</li> <li>Measuring and Marking Out Tools</li> <li>Setting and Marking Out Tools</li> </ol> <p> </p> <h2>Classes of Wood Work Hand Tools</h2> <p>There are six classes of wood work hand tools. They are:</p> <ol> <li>Measuring tools</li> <li>Marking out/setting out tools</li> <li>Work holding tools</li> <li>Boring tools</li> <li>Cutting and paring tools</li> <li>Driving tools.</li> </ol> <h3>The Work Bench</h3> <p>A very vital tool in the wood workshop upon which operations such as sawing, drilling, planning, chiseling and boring are all carried out.</p> <p>Work bench fittings are:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Bench Stop</strong> is a provision made to prevent the work piece from slipping off the top surface of the work bench during planning.</li> <li><strong>Bench Hook</strong> is a device used to hold the job (or work piece) down during sawing or chiseling.</li> <li><strong>Bench Vice</strong> is a device that has a torsion bar for opening the jaws to allow a work piece to be held firmly between them. Usually more than one of this is fixed on the bench.</li> <li><strong>The Well</strong> is an important longitudinal hollow feature at the center of the work bench which serves as storage area for keeping bench tools during the process of work.<img class="size-full wp-image-36641 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/the-work-bench.jpg" alt="Measuring and marking out tools - Work bench" width="470" height="222" /></li> </ol> <h2>Measuring Tools</h2> <p><strong>Measurement</strong> is the first operation in woodwork. It is an activity that involves taking, checking and recording of distance between two points (or dimension) of object.</p> <p>There are:</p>

<h1>DRIVING AND BORING TOOLS</h1> <p>CONTENT</p> <ol> <li>Driving Tools</li> <li>Boring Tools</li> </ol> <p> </p> <h2>Driving Tools</h2> <p>Driving tools are used to fix nails and screws into wooden and metal materials. Nails are the iron material with a flat head, smooth stem and sharp end. Screws look like nails but they have turned or twisted stem. Screws are driven into wood with screwdrivers while nails are driven into wood and metals with the use of hammers. Hammers are driving tools that have two parts – a head, which is made of iron and a wooden handle. There are five types of hammers named according to the shape of the head. They are;</p> <p>1. Ball peen hammer.</p> <p>2. Straight peen hammer</p> <p>3. Cross peen hammer</p> <p>4. Planishing hammer</p> <p>5. Blocking head hammer</p> <p>6. Upholstery hammer</p> <p>(i) Straight-peen hammer is used for riveting while other end is used for shaping sheet metals.</p> <p>(ii) Ball-peen hammer is used for general purposes.</p>

<h1>HOLDING DEVICES, CUTTING AND PAIRING TOOLS</h1> <p>CONTENT</p> <ol> <li>Holding Devices</li> <li>Cutting and Paring Tools</li> </ol> <p> </p> <h2>Holding Devices</h2> <p>Woodworking holding devices are the tools used to hold the work piece on the workbench. Woodworkers work on workbenches. It is on these benches that various woodwork constructions are carried out. The centre of the bench is usually lower than its two sides. This area is called a ‘well’ and its function is to accommodate the tools brought from the tool cupboard to the bench top during operations. The tools cannot fall or roll on to the floor or on anyone’s feet because this part is lower than other area of the bench.</p> <p>The fittings are:</p> <h3>1. Bench Vice</h3> <p>It is also called fitter’s vice. It is used to clamp or to hold jobs when the following operations are to be carried out on the bench, filling, bending, tapping, cutting, assembling parts, etc.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-36664 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/bench-vice.jpg" alt="Holding Devices; Cutting and Pairing Tools - Bench vice" width="274" height="192" /></p> <p>Other types of vice are:</p> <h4>Hand Vice</h4> <p>It is used for holding work when performing operations such as drilling, riveting, etc.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-36665 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/hand-vice.jpg" alt="Holding Devices; Cutting and Pairing Tools - Hand vice" width="229" height="192" /></p> <h4>Machine Vice</h4> <p>It is fixed to the table of any machine tool.</p> <h4>The Care of the Vice</h4> <ol> <li>Always keep the vice clean.</li> <li>The thread or the screw inside the vice should be oiled regularly.</li> <li>Do not use the vice as an anvil for hammering a job</li> <li>Always use hand force only to tighten the vice for holding the work piece.</li> </ol> <h3>2. Bench Stop</h3>

<h1>MARKING OUT TOOLS, MEASURING TOOLS, AND GAUGE</h1> <p>CONTENT</p> <ol> <li>Marking Out Tools</li> <li>Measuring Tools and Gauge</li> </ol> <p> </p> <h2>Marking Out Tools</h2> <p>These are hand tools used for marking out the required shapes of a particular metal from the sheet metal before cutting in the metal workshop. Examples are:</p> <h3>(i) Surface plate</h3> <p>This is used for checking the alignment and flatness of the object.</p> <h3>(ii) Surface table</h3> <p>This is used for marking out large objects, for checking accuracy, for height alignment and checking parallelism.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-36693 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/surface-plate-surface-table.jpg" alt="Marking Out Tools, Measuring Tools Driving Tools and Cutting Tools - Surface plate - Surface table" width="498" height="179" /></p> <h3>(iii) Scriber</h3> <p>This is used for marking out straight lines on metals in conjunction with other marking out tools.</p> <h3>(iv) Centre punch</h3> <p>This is used to locate the centre of a hole to be drilled.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-36694 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/scriber-and-centre-punch.jpg" alt="Marking Out Tools, Measuring Tools Driving Tools and Cutting Tools - Surface plate - Scriber - Centre punch" width="410" height="195" /></p> <h3>(v) Dot punch</h3>

<h1>DRIVING TOOLS AND CUTTING TOOLS</h1> <p>CONTENT</p> <ol> <li>Driving Tools</li> <li>Cutting Tools</li> </ol> <p> </p> <h2>Driving Tools</h2> <h3>Definition of Driving Tools</h3> <p>Driving tools are tools used for pushing in nails, screws into position. Examples are:</p> <h3>1. Hammers</h3> <p>Hammers have two distinct parts, the handle and the head. While the handle can be made of wood or metallic material, the head is always made of high carbon steel. The hammer is classified according to the type of head, hence we have:</p> <p>Ball peen, straight peen, cross peen and planishing hammer.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-36657 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/driving-tools.jpg" alt="Driving tools - Hammers" width="330" height="318" /></p> <h3>2. Mallets</h3> <p>This is a soft hammer whose head is made of soft material like synthetic rubber to prevent the head from damaging the surface of the work piece.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-36658 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mallets.jpg" alt="Driving tools - mallets" width="442" height="197" /></p> <h3>3. Punches</h3> <p>These are used for producing holes on thin sheets of metal, to mark holes for drilling and to remove rivet. Examples are centre or dot punch, and pin punch for marking drill points.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-36703 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/punches.jpg" alt="Driving tools - Punches" width="260" height="164" /></p>

<h1><strong>CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF METAL WORK TOOLS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Care of Files</li> <li>Care of Hacksaw</li> <li>Care of Boring Tools</li> <li>Concept of and Need for Maintenance</li> <li>Types of Maintenance</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Care of Files</strong></h2> (i) A file cuts the metal during the forward stroke; therefore pressure on the file should be released during the return stroke. (ii) A new file should be used for soft metals such as brass, zinc, or copper. It should not be used for filing welded joints or surface of casting. (iii) A file must not be used without a handle because it is dangerous. Make sure the handle is firmly secured. (iv) The file should be cleaned regularly with a wire brush or file card to remove iron filing embedded in the teeth of the file and enable the file to cut better. <h2><strong>Care of Hacksaw</strong></h2> (i) Ensure the jobs are rigidly clamped to the vice. (ii) The blade should be fixed so that the teeth are pointing away from the handle. (iii) Tension the blade by the tensioning wing-nut making sure that the tension is right. Incorrect tension will lead to breakage of the blade. (iv) For solid copper or brass, use coarse blade about 14 to 18 teeth per 25mm for sheet metal and thin strip use teeth per 25mm. (v) Use moderate speed in cutting, about 40 to 60 strokes per minute. (vi) Use as much length of the blade as possible. <h2><strong>Care of Boring Tools</strong></h2>

<h1><strong>IMPORTANCE OF MAINTENANCE </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Importance of Maintenance</li> <li>Need for Maintenance of Tools, Equipment and Machines</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Importance of Maintenance</strong></h2> Maintenance is the work done to keep or restore equipment to an acceptable working standard at a minimum cost. To avoid breakdown, an organization or individual should formulate an appropriate maintenance policy or plan. Maintenance is important so as to save cost and time that may be required for the installation of new equipment to replace the damaged ones. It is also necessary to prevent disappointment and loss of precious opportunities. <h2><strong>Need for Maintenance of Tools, Equipment and Machines</strong></h2> We need to maintain our tools and machine for the following reasons: