<h1><strong>DIVISIONS OF COMMERCE</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Classification of commerce into divisions</li> <li>Types of Trade: Home Trade; Foreign Trade</li> </ol> <h2></h2> <h2><strong>Classification of Commerce/Divisions of Commerce</strong></h2> <p style="text-align: center;"><img class="wp-image-15732 size-full aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/scope-of-commerce.jpg" alt="Divisions of commerce - branches of commerce" width="587" height="277" /><strong>Divisions of Commerce</strong></p>   <h2><strong>Trade</strong></h2> <h3><strong>The Meaning of Trade</strong></h3> Trade could be defined as the exchange or buying and selling of goods and services. <h3><strong>Divisions of Trade</strong></h3> Trade is basically divided into two, namely; Home Trade and Foreign Trade.

<h1><strong>MEANING AND FORMS OF PRODUCTION </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Production</li> <li>Forms of Production/Types of Production</li> <li>Positive Effects of Production on the Environment/Society</li> <li>Negative Effects of Production on the Environment/Society</li> </ol> <h2></h2> <h2><strong>Meaning of Production</strong></h2> Production may be defined as any human activity that involves the making of physical goods and provision of services for the satisfaction of human wants. It is also seen as creation of utilities, utility means the ability of goods and services to satisfy human wants. In a nutshell, Production is any activity which gives services or changes the form, place or time of anything that is used to satisfy human needs. <h2><strong>Forms of Production/Types of Production </strong></h2> There are three forms of production namely: primary production (extractive industry), secondary production (manufacturing and constructive industry) Tertiary production (commercial and direct services). <h3><strong>Primary Production (Extractive Industry)</strong></h3> This type of production involves digging of raw materials or tapping and harnessing of natural resources from the land, sea and atmosphere. It includes farming, fishing, hunting, mining, quarrying, oil drilling etc. This form of production is referred to as primary production.

<h1><strong>THE FACTORS OF PRODUCTION</strong></h1> <ol> <li>Meaning of Factors of Production</li> <li>The Factors of Production</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Factors of Production</strong></h2> The term factor of production is defined as all the visible and invisible resources that are combined together for the purpose of production of goods and services. There are four factors of production, namely, land, labour, capital and entrepreneur or organisation. <strong>The Factors of Production</strong> The following are the factors of production without which production will be impossible: (a) <strong>Land:</strong> Land refers to gift of nature or all the natural resources available, applied and used for production without the help of a man. It includes the fixed natural land and other natural resources such as water, forest, mineral deposits etc. The reward for land is rent.

<h1><strong>INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS STUDIES</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning and Scope of Business Studies</li> <li>Importance of Business Studies</li> <li>Components of Business Studies: Office practice, Commerce, Financial Accounting/Book Keeping, Computer Studies, Keyboarding/Typewriting</li> <li>Career Opportunities</li> </ol> <strong> </strong> <h2><strong>Meaning of Business Studies</strong></h2> Business Studies may be defined as a combination of inter-related business subjects which lead to learning of basic knowledge and skills. It is a course in education that is designed to cover the basic elementary knowledge and skills in organizing business enterprises as well as general office administration. <h2><strong>Importance of Business Studies</strong></h2> The following are the importance of Business Studies: <ol> <li>Acquisition of basic knowledge of Business Studies.</li> <li>The development of basic skills in office practice.</li> <li>The preparation of students for further learning in Business Studies</li>

<h1>THE OFFICE</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>The Meaning and Types of Office</li> <li>Functions of an office</li> <li>The Different Office Departments in an Organization</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Office</strong></h2> An office is defined as a room set aside in an organization for all clerical activities. An office can also be defined as a place where the planning and organization in connection with the production and distribution of goods and services are done. Examples of offices are the principal’s office, Banks, Restaurant, Shops etc. In the Principal’s office, records of both students and staff are kept. <strong> </strong> <h2><strong>Types of Office</strong></h2> There are two types of office namely, a small office and a large office. <h3><strong>A Small Office </strong></h3> A small office is usually found in a small organization because the volume of clerical activities is small. A small office usually has one to ten clerical workers. Example of small office are a trader’s shop, the Principal office Patent Medicine shop etc. <h4><strong>Advantages of a Small Office </strong></h4> A small office has the following advantages: <ol> <li>The workers perform a wide variety of duties thereby reducing monotony of work and idle time.</li> <li>It assists workers to learn more of office skills.</li> <li>Workers are able to learn more about the activities within the whole business.</li> <li>The workers enjoy a close relationship with their employers, customers and suppliers.</li> </ol> <h4><strong>Disadvantages of a Small Office</strong></h4> The following are the disadvantages of a small office:

<h1><strong>CLERICAL STAFF</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Clerical Staff</li> <li>Qualities of a Clerical Staff</li> <li>Duties of a Clerical Staff</li> <li>Confidentiality of Office Information</li> </ol> <br> <h2><strong>Meaning of Clerical Staff </strong></h2> A clerical staff is someone who is employed either in a private business organization or government establishment to perform clerical duties with a corresponding payment of wages called salary. A clerical staff is also referred to as a clerk. A clerk can also be defined as someone who does routine duties in an office. Such duties include: record keeping, staffing service, filing of documents, etc. Examples are typists, account clerks, messengers, etc. <strong> </strong> <h2><strong>Qualities of a Clerical Staff </strong></h2> Qualities of a Clerical Staff are divided into two: Personal Qualities and Job Qualities <h3><strong>Personal Qualities of a Clerical Staff</strong></h3> The personal qualities of a clerical staff include the following:

<h1><strong>THE RIGHT ATTITUDE TO WORK </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>The Concept of Work and Attitude</li> <li>Punctuality and Regularity</li> <li>Devotion to Duty</li> </ol> <h2></h2> <h2><strong>The Concept of Work</strong></h2> Work can be defined as any activity that a person is engaged in, in order to earn a living. <h2><strong>The Meaning of Attitude</strong></h2> Attitude is the way one thinks about or behaves towards things, persons or situations. Attitude can either be right or wrong, positive or negative, good or bad. <h2><strong>Having Right Attitude to Work</strong></h2> This means consciously choosing to have a positive state of mind towards what you do. You as an individual determine your attitude. <h2><strong>Attributes of a Right Attitude to Work</strong></h2> There are some attributes that show that one has a right attitude to work. These are:

<h1><strong>DEPARTMENTS IN AN OFFICE/ORGANIZATION AND THEIR FUNCTIONS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Kind of Offices in an Organization</li> <li>Meaning of Department</li> <li>Various Departments and their Duties in an Organization</li> </ol>   <strong>Kind of Offices in an Organization</strong> There are generally two kinds of offices in an organization. These are general office and departmental office. <ol> <li><strong>General Office</strong>: This office deals with all the activities in the day to day running of the organization. The Administrative Manager is the head of this office. His responsibility is to coordinate the various activities of other offices. He controls the office workers, employs and deploys them to the department where their services are needed.</li> <li><strong>Departmental Office</strong>: Departmental offices are set up as supporting unit to assist the department in performing their day to day clerical activities. In each departmental office, there are departmental heads that controls the works of the subordinate.</li> </ol> <strong>EVALUATION</strong> <ol> <li>How many kinds of offices are there in an organization?</li> <li>Explain the duties of each of these offices.</li>

<h1><strong>INTRODUCTION TO COMMERCE</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning and Importance of Commerce</li> <li>Activities which Aid Commerce</li> </ol> <h2></h2> <h2><strong>Definition of Commerce</strong></h2> Commerce is the study of trade and aids to trade. It is concerned with the exchange of goods and services and the agencies that facilitate the exchanges. <h2><strong>Branches of Commerce</strong></h2> There are two <a href="https://classhall.com/lesson/divisions-of-commerce/">branches of commerce</a>: Trade and Aids to Trade. Trade refers to the act of buying and selling of goods and services. Aids to trade refer to the other activities that help facilitate trade. <img class="aligncenter wp-image-15732 size-full" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/scope-of-commerce.jpg" alt="Introduction to commerce - Branches of commerce" width="587" height="277" /> <p style="text-align: center;"><strong>The Branches of Commerce</strong></p>