<h1>PESTS OF CROPS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Other Important Pests and Nature of Damages to Crop Pests</li> <li>Broad Outline/Biology of Selected Insect Pests</li> <li>Preventive and Control Measures of Crop Pests</li> <li>Side Effects of Various Preventive and Control Measures</li> <li>Effects/Economic Importance of Pests</li> </ol>   <h2>Other Important Pests and Nature of Damages to Crop Pests</h2> The non-insect pests include: <ol> <li>Birds</li> <li>Rodents</li> <li>Nematodes</li> <li>Snails</li> </ol>   <h3>Birds</h3> Many kinds of birds feed on planted crops. They attack crops like fruits, grains, oil palm, etc. while on the field. For example, the weaver birds called Quela bird feed on millet, sorghum and rice. They eat the developing seeds and cause great losses on crops. Francolin feeds on tuber crops like cassava, yam, cocoyam and grain crop. Parrots also eat lots of fruits such as mango and cocoa. Weaver birds cause defoliation to oil palm leaves, reducing photosynthetic activities of the crops. <h3>Rodents</h3> These are mammalian pests which damage crops like young oil palm trees, vegetables, yam, cassava, rice and sugar-cane. Examples are rats, monkeys, giant rats, bats, squirrel, grass cutter and antelope. Squirrels and monkeys eat cocoa pods; bats eat lots of fruits like oranges and mangoes. Ground squirrel eats or digs out and eats newly planted seeds. Grass cutter cuts and eat cereals, cassava, sugar cane and young oil palms. Rats eat and destroy stored produce like grains and tubers. <h3>Nematodes</h3> These are species of worm present in the soil. From the soil, they enter into the root of crops like tomatoes and okra where they cause the root to grow swellings called root knots. When this happens the plants have stunted growth and reduced yield <h3>Snails</h3> They are serious pests and they feed on leaves and reduce their photosynthetic ability, yield and quality of vegetables.   <h3>Nature of Damage to Crops</h3> The nature of damage by some selected crop pest are shown in the table below:

<h1>WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Weeds</li> <li>Common Weeds</li> <li>Effects of Weeds on Crops and Economy</li> <li>Economic Importance of Weeds</li> <li>Characteristic Features of Weeds</li> <li>Methods of Weed Dispersal</li> <li>Methods of Controlling Weeds</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Weeds</h2> Weeds are often called volunteer plants because they grow where they are not planted. They are plants which grow where they are not wanted. They can also be defined as”plants out of place”. They are usually unwanted, uninvited quests on farms.Also ,their growth interfere with that of cultivated crops and therefore constitute nuisance to crops, livestock or even man. An edible crop could become a weed if it grows where and when it was not planted, example maize growing on a land where cassava is planted is a weed.   <h2>Common Weeds</h2> Some of the common weeds include:

<h1>TYPES AND CLASSIFICATION OF FARM ANIMALS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Farm Animals</li> <li>Types of Farm Animals</li> <li>Classification of Farm Animals</li> </ol>   <h2>Definition of Farm Animals</h2> Farm animals are essentially those animals that have been domesticated for production purposes and for other benefits of man. Farm animals vary in their individual characteristics. These include avian species, mammalian species and aquatic species. <img class="size-full wp-image-53393 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/farm-animals.jpg" alt="Types and Classification of Farm Animals" width="462" height="388" />   <h2>Types of Farm Animals</h2> <h3>(i) Avian Species</h3> This group belongs to all domesticated birds such as domestic fowl, ducks, turkeys, geese, guinea fowl, swarms, pigeons, pheasants, canaries and ostriches. These lay eggs and are therefore refer to as Oviparous animals. <h3>(ii) Mammalian Species</h3> This group consists of the domestic four-footed animals which include cattle, sheep, goat, pigs, horses, donkeys and camels. They give birth to their young ones alive and as such, they are referred to as Viviparous animals. <h3>(iii) Aquatic Species</h3> This group consists of animals living and reproducing in both fresh and salt water bodies eg fishes, crabs, snails, crustaceans etc. EVALUATION <ol> <li>Define the term farm animals.</li> <li>State the three major types of farm animals and give two examples.</li> </ol>   <h2>Classification of Farm Animals</h2> Farm animals are generally classified on the basis of their habitat, uses, digestion, reproduction, etc. <h3>A. Habitat</h3> Classification under habitat comes under three major divisions, namely;

<h1>ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION OF FARM ANIMALS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Parts of Farm Animals</li> <li>Organs of Farm Animals</li> </ol>   <h2>Parts of Farm Animals</h2> Anatomy can be defined as scientific study of parts and structures of farm animals while physiology refers to the way in which the bodies of farm animals function. The understanding of these helps the farmers to know how they function and be able to manage the animals effectively. Animals’ body can be broadly divided into four, namely: <ol> <li>The Head: This consists of the uppermost parts of the animals’ body. The most important organs that are necessary for the survival and effective functioning are found in the head e.g. brain, eyes, ears, nose and mouth.</li> <li>The Thoracic Cavity: This consists of the chest region of the animals. It houses important body organs such as the heart, the lungs and Trachea.</li>