<h1>ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION OF FARM ANIMALS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>The Circulatory System</li> <li>Functions of the Blood</li> <li>Pulmonary Circulation</li> <li>Systematic Circulation</li> <li>Differences between Artery and Vein</li> </ol>   <h2>The Circulatory System</h2> The circulatory system is made possible by blood and heart including arteries, veins and capillaries. The heart is the main organ and the pumping station of the blood. The pumping action is referred to as heartbeat, the heart is made up of tough muscles called the cardiac muscles and they are located in the pericardium region of the thoracic cavity.   <h2>Functions of the Blood</h2> The functions of blood in the body of animals include the following: <ol> <li>It transports food, including vitamins.</li> <li>It carries oxygen to all parts of the body.</li> <li>It protects the body against diseases.</li> <li>It transports chemical regulators.</li> <li>It maintains the temperature of the body.</li>

<h1>ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION OF FARM ANIMALS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>The Respiratory System</li> <li>Types of Respiration</li> </ol>   <h2>The Respiratory System</h2> Respiratory system includes all the organs and tissues associated with the exchange of gas between the animals and its environment leading to the release of energy. This system is responsible for the gaseous exchange. The components of this system are trachea and lungs. Trachea branches to two bronchi which divide into bronchioles which all terminate in small sack-like alveoli. The lungs consist of the bronchioles, alveoli and blood vessels. The blood carries oxygen away from the lungs to the tissues and carbon (iv) oxide from tissues back to the lungs. Gaseous exchange takes place around the alveoli. The entrance to the trachea is guided by the epiglottis which permits only air to pass through. <img class="size-full wp-image-55138 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/respiratory-system.jpg" alt="Anatomy, Physiology and Reproduction of Farm Animals - Respiratory system" width="433" height="371" />

<h1>REPRODUCTION AND REPRODUCTIVE PROCESS IN FARM ANIMALS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Reproductive Systems of Farm Animals, Mammals and Poultry</li> <li>The Male Reproductive System</li> <li>Functions of Various Parts of Male Reproductive System</li> <li>Male Reproductive System in Poultry</li> <li>Female Reproductive System</li> <li>Reproductive System in Poultry (Hen)</li> <li>Reproductive Hormones</li> <li>Reproductive Processes/Terminologies in Production</li> </ol>   <h2>Reproductive Systems of Farm Animals, Mammals and Poultry</h2> Reproduction can be defined as the process through which living organisms give birth to young ones. It involves mating, after which the male sperm is united to the female ovum to form zygote.   <h2>The Male Reproductive System</h2> The male reproductive system is made up of the primary sex character (testes) and the secondary sex character which consist of the scrotum, cowpers gland, prostate gland, seminal vesicle, urethra, penis, vas deferens and spermatic ducts. <img class="size-full wp-image-55164 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/male-reproductive-system.jpg" alt="Reproduction and Reproductive Process in Farm Animals - Male Reproductive System" width="694" height="404" /> <img class="size-full wp-image-55165 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/male-reproductive-system-spermatozoa.jpg" alt="Reproduction and Reproductive Process in Farm Animals - Male Reproductive System - Spermatozoa" width="526" height="239" />   <h3>Functions of Various Parts of Male Reproductive System</h3> <strong>Testes</strong>: They are located within the scrotum or scrotal sac. When stimulated by the male hormone called testosterone, it secrets spermatozoa. <strong>Scrotum</strong>: This helps to house the testes. It regulates the temperature of the testes at 4⁰C less than the body temperature. <strong>Vas deferens</strong>: This is responsible for conducting sperm from the epididymis to the neck of the urethra.

Unfortunately we could not locate the table you're looking for.<h1>MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Ornamental Plants</li> <li>Common Ornamental Plants Found in Nigeria</li> <li>Importance of Ornamental Plants</li> <li>Types of Ornamental Plants According to their Uses</li> <li>Settings and Location for Planting Each Type of Ornamental Plant</li> <li>Methods of Cultivating and Planting Ornamental Plants</li> <li>Maintenance of Ornamental Plants</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Ornamental Plants</h2> Ornamental plants are plants (trees, shrubs, or herbs) which are used for different purposes by man. Ornamental plants can also be seen as plants that are cultivated or grown to beautify or decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects such as houses, walk ways , parks and indoors. They are also planted and arranged or placed where they will thrive for a useful purpose. The study of ornamental plants is called floriculture. The person who grows or sells flowers is called a florist There are different types of ornamental plants which can be used for different purposes.   <h2>Common Ornamental Plants Found in Nigeria</h2> The following are common ornamental plants found in Nigeria:   <h2>Importance of Ornamental Plants</h2> Ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers have various uses, hence their importance for our well-being. (i) Landscaping: <ul> <li>Flowers are used to beautify residential and office buildings as well as playground.</li> <li>The plants whose flowers are attractive , colorful and sweet smelling are used for this purpose.</li> </ul> (ii) Provision of shade: <ul> <li>Many ornamental shrubs and trees such as Odan- <em>Ficus spp</em> and Almond tree are used to provide shade around houses especially in villages.</li> </ul> (iii) Wind break: <ul> <li>Closely spaced tall ornamental shrubs and trees are usually planted close to buildings to act as wind break.</li> <li>Wind break trees add to the beauty of the areas. An example of wind break trees are teak, Ashoka (Police tree).</li> </ul> (iv) Screening and delineation of areas: <ul> <li>Ornamental plants can be used to screen a place such as house from the prying eyes of strangers.</li> <li>Used to delineate areas from one another by using it for demarcation.</li> </ul> (v) Hedge plants: <ul> <li>Ornamental hedge plants can be used to prevent easy access for intruders into compounds because they are closely spaced and some with thorns.</li> </ul> (vi) Decoration: <ul> <li>Live fresh flowers put in vases are used to decorate living rooms.</li> <li>Some potted ornamental plants are raised and placed at the porches of houses or offices.</li> <li>At weddings, funerals, workshops seminars beautiful flowers are used for decoration, thus adding colour to the occasion.</li> </ul> (vii) Used as spot plants:

<h1>COMMON TYPES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Types of Ornamental Plants According to their Uses</li> <li>Settings and Location for Planting Each Type of Ornamental Plant</li> </ol>   <h2>Types of Ornamental Plants According to their Uses</h2> <strong>Ornamental plants</strong> can be used differently due to the different nature and unique features exhibited by these plants. Based on the different uses ornamental plants can be classified into: 1.<strong> Hedging plants:</strong> These are mainly shrubs and trees often used as hedges in gardens, homes, offices or similar structures. Examples of such plants are: <ul> <li>Pride of Barbados (Caesalpinia pulcherrima)</li> <li>Alamanda (Allamanda cathartica)</li> <li>Wild Rose (Rosa aciculris)</li> <li>Hibiscus (Hibiscus spp)</li> <li>Ixora (Ixora coccinea)</li> <li>Crotons (Codiaeum variagatum)</li> </ul> 2. <strong>Bedding plants: </strong>These are mostly flowering plants used for decorative or commercial purposes in hones or gardens. An example is

<h1>DISEASES OF CROPS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Disease</li> <li>Diseases of Major Crops</li> <li>Causes of Diseases</li> <li>Brief Explanations on Disease-causing Organisms</li> <li>General Effects of Disease on Crop Plants</li> <li>Diseases of Major Crops (detailed)</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Disease</h2> A disease is a departure from normal state of health, presenting marked symptoms or outward visible signs. A disease is also defined as a condition of disorder in the functioning of the tissues of an organism. It is an unfavorable condition caused by infections by pathogens or deficiency or excess of some environmental factors which result in physiological and anatomical dysfunctions expressed in characteristic symptoms.   <h2>Diseases of Major Crops</h2> The following are the diseases of major crops: (i) Cereals – Smut, rice blast, etc. (ii) Legumes - Cercospora, leaf spot, rosette, etc. (iii) Beverages - Cocoa black pod, coffee leaf rust, etc. (iv) Tuber - Cassava mosaic, bacterial leaf blight, etc. (v) Fruits - Citrus Gummosis, Diebacks, etc. (vi) Fiber - Black arm (bacterial blight of cotton) (vii) Vegetables - Root knot of tomato or okra, etc. (viii) Stored produce - Mould   <h2>Causes of Diseases</h2> <h3>(i) Pathogen Diseases</h3> These are diseases caused by living microorganisms called pathogens. e.g.

<h1>PESTS OF CROPS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Crop Pests</li> <li>Classification of Crop Pests</li> <li>Name and Description of Important Insect Pests</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Crop Pests</h2> A pest can be described as an organism, whether plant or animal, which causes economic damage to crop plants, livestock, man and his possessions. They attack crops on the field as well as in the store. They may harm crops directly or introduce diseases into them. Examples of pests are insects, rodents, higher parasitic plants, etc.   <h2>Classification of Crop Pests</h2> Pests are classified in different ways as follows: <ol> <li>Insect pests</li> <li>Non-insect pests</li> </ol>   <h3>Insect Pests</h3> These are the most serious pests of agricultural importance, and the group includes all insects which cause damages to crops and crop products. Examples of insect pests are grass hopper, weevils, beetles, white flies, termites, crickets and locusts. They feed on crops either on the field or in the store.   <h3>Non-insect Pests</h3> These are organisms other than insects which attack and feed on crops. They cause a lot of damages to crops though they are not as many as insect pests. Examples of non-insect pests include rodents like giant rats, grass cutter, monkeys, nematodes and birds. <img class="size-full wp-image-53333 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/non-insect-pests.jpg" alt="Pests of Crops - Non-insect pests" width="650" height="139" />   <h3>Classification of Insect Pests Based on Mouth Parts/Mode of Feeding</h3>

<h1>PESTS OF CROPS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Other Important Pests and Nature of Damages to Crop Pests</li> <li>Broad Outline/Biology of Selected Insect Pests</li> <li>Preventive and Control Measures of Crop Pests</li> <li>Side Effects of Various Preventive and Control Measures</li> <li>Effects/Economic Importance of Pests</li> </ol>   <h2>Other Important Pests and Nature of Damages to Crop Pests</h2> The non-insect pests include: <ol> <li>Birds</li> <li>Rodents</li> <li>Nematodes</li> <li>Snails</li> </ol>   <h3>Birds</h3> Many kinds of birds feed on planted crops. They attack crops like fruits, grains, oil palm, etc. while on the field. For example, the weaver birds called Quela bird feed on millet, sorghum and rice. They eat the developing seeds and cause great losses on crops. Francolin feeds on tuber crops like cassava, yam, cocoyam and grain crop. Parrots also eat lots of fruits such as mango and cocoa. Weaver birds cause defoliation to oil palm leaves, reducing photosynthetic activities of the crops. <h3>Rodents</h3> These are mammalian pests which damage crops like young oil palm trees, vegetables, yam, cassava, rice and sugar-cane. Examples are rats, monkeys, giant rats, bats, squirrel, grass cutter and antelope. Squirrels and monkeys eat cocoa pods; bats eat lots of fruits like oranges and mangoes. Ground squirrel eats or digs out and eats newly planted seeds. Grass cutter cuts and eat cereals, cassava, sugar cane and young oil palms. Rats eat and destroy stored produce like grains and tubers. <h3>Nematodes</h3> These are species of worm present in the soil. From the soil, they enter into the root of crops like tomatoes and okra where they cause the root to grow swellings called root knots. When this happens the plants have stunted growth and reduced yield <h3>Snails</h3> They are serious pests and they feed on leaves and reduce their photosynthetic ability, yield and quality of vegetables.   <h3>Nature of Damage to Crops</h3> The nature of damage by some selected crop pest are shown in the table below: