<h1><strong>MODELLING WITH PAPIER-MÂCHÉ </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Modelling</li> <li>Meaning of Papier-mâché/Clay</li> <li>Materials Made from Papier-mâché/Clay</li> </ol> <br> <h2><strong>Meaning of Modelling</strong></h2> Modeling is the art of molding objects with different materials like papier-mâché, clay, plasticine, cement, etc. <br> <h2><strong>Meaning of Papier-mâché</strong></h2> It is a process of making pulp from paper (old newspaper, cardboard sheets or tissue paper) used for modeling objects. Papier-mâché is re-pulped paper mixed with glue or paste used to mould objects. It is a French word which means mashed paper used to produce modeled objects. <br> <h2><strong>Meaning of Clay</strong></h2> Clay is an earthen material used for molding. <br> <h2><strong>Materials and Tools Needed for Papier-mâché</strong></h2>

<h1><strong>BEAD WORK </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Beads</li> <li>Uses of Beads</li> <li>Production of Beads</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Definition of Beads</strong></h2> Beads are small perforated objects made of different material, colours, shapes and sizes that may be strung into necklaces and bracelets or attached to clothing or furnishings. The word ‘bead’ is derived from Middle English <em>‘bede’</em> meaning ‘prayer’ and was originally applied to prayer beads, or rosaries. <h2><strong>Uses of Beads</strong></h2> Beads are used for the following:

<h1><strong>MOSAICS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Mosaic</li> <li>Materials and Tools in Making Mosaic</li> <li>The Production of Mosaic Work</li> <li>Uses of Mosaic</li> </ol> <br> <h2><strong>Meaning of Mosaic</strong></h2> Mosaic is a type of inlaid design composed of stones, metals, glass, beads etc generally used for decoration. Mosaic is one of the most durable forms of decorative art of embellishing or decorating a surface such as floor or wall. Mosaics have a rough texture. <br> <h2><strong>Materials and Tools in Making Mosaic</strong></h2> Materials and tools for making mosaic include beads, stones, pebbles, glasses, broken bottles, dress buttons, glue, gum, paint brush, knife, pair of scissors, ruler, plywood, hardwood and strawboard.

<h1><strong>THEORY OF MUSIC</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Fundamentals of Music and Sound</li> <li>Sources of Sound</li> <li>Musical Sounds</li> <li>Characteristics of Sound</li> <li>Musical Notation</li> <li>Types of Music Notation</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Fundamentals of Music and Sound</strong></h2> Music can be defined as a composition of organized sound pleasant to the ear. It is a performing art, a medium in which one’s mind can be meaningfully expressed by who appreciates it: The raw material of music is sound. Sound may be perceived as pleasant or unpleasant. Pleasant sound is musical sound while unpleasant sound is noise. Recorded music blared from a number of outlets (e.g. Business centers, shops etc) constitute noise. On the other hand, the sound from a performing orchestra could be very soothing and exhilarating. The real difference between musical sound and noise lies in the impression made on the listener. While musical sound is generally attractive and enjoyable, noise is distracting and could be irritating. Furthermore, musical sound is organized while noise is not. <h2><strong>Sources of Sound</strong></h2> There are two main sources of sounds:

<h1><strong>ELEMENTS OF MUSIC</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Elements of Music</li> <li>Notes on the Keyboard</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Elements of Music</strong></h2> The following are the elements of music. Pitch, melody, harmony, rhythm, texture, timbre, form or structure (i) <strong>Pitch:</strong> This refers to the height or depth of sound. (ii) <strong>Rhythm:</strong> This refers to the movement, life or time pattern of a piece of music. (iii) <strong>Melody:</strong> This means the main tune of a piece of music. (iv) <strong>Harmony:</strong> This means combination of musical notes to form chords. It is the clothing of melody. (v) <strong>Texture:</strong> The number of parts in a musical piece and their relation to one another. (vi) <strong>Timbre:</strong> This is the difference in sound production of one musical instrument and the other. (vii) <strong>Form or structure:</strong> This is the shape or order of music. <strong>EVALUATION</strong> <ol> <li>List three elements of music you have been taught.</li> <li>What is pitch?</li>

<h1><strong>RUDIMENTS OF MUSIC</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Musical Alphabets - Clef and Names of Staves</li> <li>Musical Notes</li> <li>Types of Musical Notes</li> <li>Relationship of Musical Notes</li> <li>Major Scale of C Natural</li> <li>Uses of Music.</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Musical Alphabets - Clef and Names of Staves</strong></h2> There are seven musical letters, namely: <strong>A, B, C, D, E, F, G</strong>. These seven letters are called the musical alphabets. They are used to write music. <h2><strong>Definition of Clef</strong></h2> A clef can be defined as a musical symbol (sign) written at the beginning of the staff. There are two major types of clef namely: Treble clef and Bass clef. The symbols for treble clef is <img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-32991" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/treble-clef.jpg" alt="Rudiments of music - treble clef" width="28" height="49" /> The symbol for Bass clef is <img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-32992" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/bass-clef.jpg" alt="Rudiments of music -bass clef" width="24" height="31" /> G clef is also called Treble clef. When G clef sign is placed on the staff, the staff automatically becomes treble staff. <img class="size-full wp-image-32993 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/treble-staff.jpg" alt="Rudiments of music - treble staff" width="483" height="101" />