<h1><strong>PACKAGING AND PACKAGING CRITERIA</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Packaging</li> <li>Purpose of Packaging</li> <li>Advantages and Disadvantages of Packaging</li> <li>Packaging Criteria</li> <li>Examples of Packaging Items</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Packaging </strong></h2> Packaging is a system whereby goods are packed, wrapped or put inside containers, weighed and priced before they are arranged on the shelves in a store. This is the practice of putting agricultural produce in small containers. Packaging is one of marketing activities especially channels of distribution. Packing prevents wastage, pests’ infestation and contamination. <h2><strong>Purpose of Packaging </strong></h2> The role of packaging in the marketing of agricultural produce has become quite significant as it is one of the ways companies make consumers notice their products. Common uses of packaging include:

<h1><strong>PRICING AND ADVERTISING</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Pricing</li> <li>Meaning of Advertising</li> <li>Pricing Strategy</li> <li>Price Determinants</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Definition of Pricing</strong></h2> <strong>Price</strong> means the amount of money that is offered or asked for when something is bought or sold. <strong>Pricing</strong> is the placing of price on a particular farm produce that will suit the customers and fetch higher income to the farmer. Farmers also promote their products and services through such techniques as advertising and personalized sales, which serve to inform potential customers and motivate them to purchase. <h2><strong>Meaning of Advertising</strong></h2> <strong>Advertising</strong> is a means by which a farmer tells the would-be consumers about the existence of a product, the quality, the uses and the price of such produce. Four elements are normally distinguished: getting the right product to the market; selling the product at the right price; ensuring that the promotion is right - that is, advertising and marketing for the product; and ensuring that the product is distributed to the most convenient place for customers to buy it. <h2><strong>Pricing Strategy</strong></h2> Pricing strategy is defined as the method adopted by the business to set its selling price. The step implemented by a firm to determine the optimum price of a product, and the strategy includes:

<h1><strong>DEFINITION AND USES OF FARM RECORDS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Farm Records</li> <li>Importance of Farm Records</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Farm Records </strong></h2> Farm records are written documents showing major activities going on in the farming business. Farm records may also be defined as the records of all the operations that are undertaken in the farm throughout the year. To enable a farmer to manage his farm very well, he must keep some records. <h2><strong>Importance of Farm Records </strong></h2> The following are the importance of farm records:

<h1><strong>TYPES OF FARM RECORDS AND THEIR USES</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Types of Farm Records and their Uses</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Types of Farm Records and their Uses</strong></h2> The farm records which a good farmer should keep include: Farm diary, Farm inventory, Input records, Production records, Consumption records, Sales records, Payroll or Labour record, Profit and loss account <h3>1.<strong> Farm diary</strong></h3> A farm diary is a record of the daily activities carried out on the farm. A typical farm record shows type of work done, date, the number of workers, time spent, observations and others. It serves as a good reference book to obtain information about the farm.

<h1><strong>COMPUTER AIDED FARM RECORDS AND THEIR BENEFITS</strong><strong> </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Computer Aided Farm Records and their Benefits</li> <li>Types of Computer Aided Farm Records</li> <li>Determining the Ideal Computer Aided Record Program for Farm Business</li> <li>Benefits of Computer Aided Records</li> <li>Disadvantages of Computer Aided Records</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Computer Aided Farm Records and their Benefits</strong></h2> These are computer software programs that can record basic income and expense data for farmers, with quick summary and ability to prepare variety of financial reports. In a farm business, some basic reports are needed. The key ones are: <ol> <li>Transaction journal</li> <li>Depreciation schedule</li> <li>Employee reports (pay checks, withholdings, payment of employee tax, etc.)</li> <li>Information returns</li> <li>Balance sheet</li> <li>Income statement.</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Types of Computer Aided Farm Records </strong></h2> Farmers who need accurate, complete financial statements and analysis should consider using some form of computer record system such as:

<h1><strong>BOOK-KEEPING AND BOOK-KEEPING ETHICS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Book-keeping</li> <li>Purpose of Book-keeping:</li> <li>Book-keeping Ethics</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Book-keeping</strong></h2> Book keeping is the record of what is bought, sold, owned and owed, what money comes in, what goes out and what is left. Book-keeping is the act of recording business transactions in a regular and systematic manner, such that the record would be in a permanent form for the following purposes. <h2><strong>Purpose of Book-keeping</strong></h2> The purpose of book-keeping are as follows:

<h1><strong>SOURCE DOCUMENTS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Systems of Book-keeping</li> <li>Meaning of Sources Documents</li> <li>Examples of Source Documents</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Systems of Book-keeping</strong></h2> Bookkeeping has two major system used by businesses and other organisations. These include: <ol> <li>Single-entry system: This uses only income and expenses accounts, recorded primarily in revenue and expenses journal.</li> <li>Double-entry system: This requires posting each transaction twice, using debits and credits. This study will be limited to single entry system.</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Meaning of Sources Documents</strong></h2> These are documents in which original business transactions are first recorded before been transferred into subsidiary books of account. <h2><strong>Examples of Source Documents</strong></h2> Examples of source documents are:

<h1><strong>JOURNAL PREPARATION</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Journal</li> <li>Types of Journals</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Definition of Journal </strong></h2> The journal is another book of original entry where the details of transactions other than normal cash transactions are first recorded. Apart from being a book of original entry, it also records the transfer of items between accounts and it facilitates the correction of errors that may occur during the process of book-keeping. A typical journal form will look like this:

<h1><strong>AGRICULTURE IN STOCK EXCHANGE </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Introduction to Stock Exchange</li> <li>Meaning of Stock Exchange</li> <li>Buying and Selling of Goods and Services Available Now and in the Future</li> <li>Terms Used in Stock Exchange</li> <li>People Involved in Stock Exchange</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Introduction to Stock Exchange </strong></h2> The activities of stock exchange are about selling part or all of an enterprise or corporation to numerous part-owners so as to generate money to finance that enterprise. The money which is called Capital is generated by a corporation or organization through the sales and distribution of parts or all to several part-owners is called <strong><em>Stock.</em></strong> One unit of stock is called <strong><em>shares</em>,</strong> while the combination of those who bought shares i.e. those who contributed money towards the setting up of the business is called <strong><em>Shareholders.</em></strong> The shareholders are given share certificate as a clear evidence of the amount of money contributed and that makes them a part-owners. <em><strong>Share Certificate </strong></em>is the document which clearly shows the number of shares each holder contributed to the business and other relevant information. <h2><strong>Meaning of Stock Exchange

<h1><strong>IMPORTANCE OF STOCK EXCHANGE IN AGRICULTURE </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>The Importance of Stock Exchange in Agriculture</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>The Importance of Stock Exchange in Agriculture</strong></h2> The following are the importance of stock exchange in agriculture: 1. It encourages investment in agriculture by providing a place for buyers and sellers of securities. 2. Redistribution of wealth. 3. It provides platform where government can generate income to finance her various activities.