SS2 Agricultural Science Evaluation Questions

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Agro-forestry Practices in Nigeria

<h1>AGRO-FORESTRY PRACTICES IN NIGERIA</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Agro-forest Practices</li> <li>Agro-Forest Practices</li> <li>Taungya System</li> <li>Alley Cropping</li> <li>Forest Reserves</li> <li>Wildlife Conservation</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Agro-forest Practices</h2> Agro-forest is the practice of combining agriculture with forestry for the sustenance of trees, fertility of the soil and production of abundant food crops to meet the needs of man. This account for about 70 percent of agricultural production for farmers living in forest zones.   <h2>Agro-Forest Practices</h2> <h3>Taungya System</h3> Taungya is a system of combining crop husbandry with forest management on the same piece of land, thereby integrating agriculture with forestry. Food crops are cultivated along with economic trees to provide shade at the initial stage of growth of the economic trees. The food crops are usually annual or biennial crops. Seedlings or seeds of economic trees are given to local farmers who have interest on taungya system to plant along with their own crops. After about two years they vacate the land while the forestry department takes over the management of the trees.   <h4>Examples of Trees Used in Agro-forestry</h4> <ul> <li>Parkia biblobasa (Ukpaka - locust beans)</li> <li>Irvingia spp (Ogbono)</li> <li>Adansonia digitata (Baobab)</li> <li>Tectona grandis (Teak)</li> <li>Vitelleria paradosa (Shear butter)</li> <li>Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple)</li> <li>Blighia sapida (Ishin)</li> <li>Gmelina spp</li> <li>Flame of the forest</li> <li>Pinus spp</li> <li>Iroko</li>

Rangeland Management

<h1>RANGELAND MANAGEMENT</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Rangeland/Pasture</li> <li>Importance of Rangeland/Pasture</li> <li>Characteristics of Rangeland</li> <li>Common Grasses of Livestock in Rangeland</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Level of Production of Herbage</li> <li>Methods of Rangeland and Pasture Improvement</li> </ol> <h2>Meaning of Rangeland/Pasture</h2> The term <em>rangeland</em> is used to describe a predominantly herbaceous plants community. It affords extensive grazing pasture for animals like cattle, sheep and goats. <h2>Definition of Rangeland</h2> Rangeland can be defined as an extensive area of land covered by grasses, legumes with some tree, shrubs and herbs where animals (ruminants) can graze or browse freely. Rangeland is any extensive area of land that is occupied by native herbaceous or shrub vegetation which is grazed by animals. It is an expanse of land suitable for livestock to wander and graze on. <h2>Meaning of Natural Pasture</h2> This is also referred to as natural grass land or rangeland. <h2>Meaning of Artificial Pasture</h2> This is also referred to as established or sown pasture. In this pasture, grasses and legumes are deliberately planted and managed by man to be fed on by livestock. <h2>Meaning of Improved Pasture</h2> Natural pasture or range land can be improved by addition of some farming activities such as irrigation, reseeding, fertilizer application, weeding etc. so as to make it better and functional for livestock that feed on them.   <h2>Importance of Rangeland</h2> Rangeland is important for the following reasons:

Basic Economic Principles and Factors of Production

<h1>BASIC ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES AND FACTORS OF PRODUCTION</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Basic Economic Principles</li> <li>The Factors of Production</li> </ol>   <h2>Basic Economic Principles</h2> Economics is a social science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. It deals with production, distribution, exchange (marketing) and consumption of agricultural goods. Basic Economics principles include; <ul> <li>wants.</li> <li>scarcity.</li> <li>choice.</li> <li>scale of preference.</li> <li>opportunity cost.</li> <li>law of diminishing returns.</li> </ul>   <h3>Wants</h3> These are goods and services desired after the basic needs have been satisfied. In agriculture, the wants includes inputs needed for production services e.g. planting materials, fertilizers, chemicals, tools and implements, land for cultivation, livestock feeds, etc. <h3>Scarcity</h3> It is a term used to express that available commodity or service is limited in supply or not enough for those who demand for it. The limited nature of resources affects the production of crops and animals. This makes the farmers to make use of what they have. <h3>Choice</h3> Choice arises because of scarcity of resources and is guided by economic decision. This is the point where farmer takes a decision on what to buy, how much to buy, where to buy, what to produce, where to plant, etc. Every decision is a choice between alternative. <h3>Scale of Preference</h3> It is a list or arrangement of human wants in order of their relative importance. The farmer has to choose from the list of his unlimited wants since resources to satisfy them are limited. <h3>Opportunity Cost</h3>

Meaning and Importance of Ornamental Plants

Unfortunately we could not locate the table you're looking for.<h1>MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Ornamental Plants</li> <li>Common Ornamental Plants Found in Nigeria</li> <li>Importance of Ornamental Plants</li> <li>Types of Ornamental Plants According to their Uses</li> <li>Settings and Location for Planting Each Type of Ornamental Plant</li> <li>Methods of Cultivating and Planting Ornamental Plants</li> <li>Maintenance of Ornamental Plants</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Ornamental Plants</h2> Ornamental plants are plants (trees, shrubs, or herbs) which are used for different purposes by man. Ornamental plants can also be seen as plants that are cultivated or grown to beautify or decorative purposes in gardens and landscape design projects such as houses, walk ways , parks and indoors. They are also planted and arranged or placed where they will thrive for a useful purpose. The study of ornamental plants is called floriculture. The person who grows or sells flowers is called a florist There are different types of ornamental plants which can be used for different purposes.   <h2>Common Ornamental Plants Found in Nigeria</h2> The following are common ornamental plants found in Nigeria:   <h2>Importance of Ornamental Plants</h2> Ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers have various uses, hence their importance for our well-being. (i) Landscaping: <ul> <li>Flowers are used to beautify residential and office buildings as well as playground.</li> <li>The plants whose flowers are attractive , colorful and sweet smelling are used for this purpose.</li> </ul> (ii) Provision of shade: <ul> <li>Many ornamental shrubs and trees such as Odan- <em>Ficus spp</em> and Almond tree are used to provide shade around houses especially in villages.</li> </ul> (iii) Wind break: <ul> <li>Closely spaced tall ornamental shrubs and trees are usually planted close to buildings to act as wind break.</li> <li>Wind break trees add to the beauty of the areas. An example of wind break trees are teak, Ashoka (Police tree).</li> </ul> (iv) Screening and delineation of areas: <ul> <li>Ornamental plants can be used to screen a place such as house from the prying eyes of strangers.</li> <li>Used to delineate areas from one another by using it for demarcation.</li> </ul> (v) Hedge plants: <ul> <li>Ornamental hedge plants can be used to prevent easy access for intruders into compounds because they are closely spaced and some with thorns.</li> </ul> (vi) Decoration: <ul> <li>Live fresh flowers put in vases are used to decorate living rooms.</li> <li>Some potted ornamental plants are raised and placed at the porches of houses or offices.</li> <li>At weddings, funerals, workshops seminars beautiful flowers are used for decoration, thus adding colour to the occasion.</li> </ul> (vii) Used as spot plants:

Qualities, Functions and Problems of Farm Managers

<h1>QUALITIES, FUNCTIONS AND PROBLEMS OF FARM MANAGERS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Qualities of a Farm Manager</li> <li>Functions of a Farm Manager</li> <li>Problems of a Farm Manager</li> </ol>   <h2>Qualities of a Farm Manager</h2> A farm manager must be; <ol> <li>literate and current.</li> <li>innovative and flexible.</li> <li>willing to accept responsibilities.</li> <li>wise in decision making.</li> <li>firm and impartial in the affairs of his staff.</li> <li>diligent and hard working.</li>

Common Types of Ornamental Plants

<h1>COMMON TYPES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Types of Ornamental Plants According to their Uses</li> <li>Settings and Location for Planting Each Type of Ornamental Plant</li> </ol>   <h2>Types of Ornamental Plants According to their Uses</h2> <strong>Ornamental plants</strong> can be used differently due to the different nature and unique features exhibited by these plants. Based on the different uses ornamental plants can be classified into: 1.<strong> Hedging plants:</strong> These are mainly shrubs and trees often used as hedges in gardens, homes, offices or similar structures. Examples of such plants are: <ul> <li>Pride of Barbados (Caesalpinia pulcherrima)</li> <li>Alamanda (Allamanda cathartica)</li> <li>Wild Rose (Rosa aciculris)</li> <li>Hibiscus (Hibiscus spp)</li> <li>Ixora (Ixora coccinea)</li> <li>Crotons (Codiaeum variagatum)</li> </ul> 2. <strong>Bedding plants: </strong>These are mostly flowering plants used for decorative or commercial purposes in hones or gardens. An example is

Principles of Demand and Supply

<h1>PRINCIPLES OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Demand and Law of Demand</li> <li>The Demand Schedule and Demand Curve</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Demand for Agricultural Produce</li> <li>Movement along the Demand Curve</li> <li>Shift in Demand Curve</li> <li>Elasticity of Demand</li> <li>Meaning of Supply and Law of Supply</li> <li>The Supply Schedule and Supply Curve</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Supply of Agricultural Produce</li> <li>Elasticity of Supply</li> <li>Price Determination</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Demand</h2> Demand can be defined as the quantity of a commodity that an individual is willing and able to buy at a specific price within a given period of time. Demand is more than the desire to have something. It must be backed with the ability to pay the price.   <h2>The Law of Demand</h2> This law states that there is inverse relationship between the price and the quantity of produce demanded. It therefore means that the higher the price the lower the quantity demanded.   <h2>The Demand Schedule</h2> Makes the law of demand explicit. It shows the relationship between the price and the quantity of the commodity demanded. Demand schedule shows the amount of a commodity that a person will buy at various prices in a given period.

Implications of Demand and Supply for Agricultural Production

<h1>IMPLICATIONS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Implications of Demand and Supply for Agricultural Production</li> <li>Price Support and its Effects on Agriculture</li> <li>Price Control and Effects on Agriculture</li> <li>Subsidy and its Effects on Agriculture</li> <li>Reasons for Farm Subsidies</li> </ol>   <h2>Implications of Demand and Supply for Agricultural Production</h2> The implications of demand and supply for agricultural production include the following: <ol> <li>When the demand for a farm produce exceeds supply, price tends to rise.</li> <li>When the demand for a farm produce is lower than the supply, the price falls.</li> <li>Increase in the income of the consumer will make them demand for more farm produce vice versa.</li> <li>Increase in the price of produce may lead to low demand for it and shift to the close substitute that has a lower price.</li> <li>High cost of production may lead to low output, low supply and high prices of produce and vice versa.</li> <li>Supply of farm produce will be low when environmental factors for production are unfavorable and vice versa.</li> <li>High cost of farm inputs may lead to low supply and high cost of farm produce and vice versa.</li> <li>If the taste of consumers is in favor of a product, the demand and price of such produce will increase and vice versa.</li> <li>Increase in the number of producers will lead to increase in supply and reduction of price and vice versa.</li> </ol>   <h2>Price Support and its Effects on Agriculture</h2> Price support is the government imposed price floors on selected farm produce. It is also known as ‘minimum prices’ established by the government above equilibrium price. The government supports in the following ways:

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