<h1>FARM RECORDS AND ACCOUNTS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Farm Records</li> </ol> <ul> <li>Meaning of Farm Records</li> <li>Importance of Farm Records</li> <li>Types of Farm Records</li> </ul> <ol start="2"> <li>Farm Accounts</li> </ol> <ul> <li>Definition of Farm Account</li> <li>Importance of Farm Accounts</li> <li>Types of Farm Accounts</li> <li>Definition of Some Accounting Terms</li> </ul> <ol start="3"> <li>Methods of Calculating Depreciation and Salvage Value</li> <li>Formula for Calculating Depreciation</li> </ol>   <h2>Farm Records</h2> <h3>Meaning of Farm Records</h3> Farm records refer to the documentation of all the various activities on the farm. It shows the major activities and transactions that take place in a farm enterprise over a period of time.   <h3>Importance of Farm Records</h3> A farm record keeping is advantageous in the following ways: <ol> <li>Farm records give the history of what has happened on the farm for the periods during which they are kept.</li> <li>It allows the manager to carry out performance evaluation of the farm business.</li> <li>It helps in determining the profitability of the business.</li> <li>It is an indispensable tool for the farm manager during planning and budgeting.</li> <li>It allows the manager to determine the efficiency levels of inputs used in the production.</li> <li>It is a vital requirement when seeking loans from banks.</li> <li>It enable both the government and managers to determine the amount of money payable by the farm business.</li> <li>It enables the manager to make or take sound management decisions about the farm.</li> <li>It is useful for insurance purposes.</li> <li>It gives room for comparism with the same farm enterprises in the same areas.</li> <li>Proper farm records assist the government at various levels when planning national agricultural and economic development programmes.</li> <li>It determines the farmers management skills.</li> <li>It gives an actual value of the farm in case of winding up.</li> <li>It also gives the actual farm yields.</li> </ol>   <h3>Types of Farm Records</h3> A good farm or farm manager keeps many important records which include the following: <ol> <li>Inventory records</li> <li>Farm dairy</li> <li>Production/yield record</li> <li>Income and expenditure record</li> <li>Inputs records</li> <li>Labour records</li> <li>Sales records</li> <li>Purchases records</li> <li>Supplementary records</li> <li>Consumption record</li> </ol>   <h4>Farm Inventory Record</h4> Farm inventory record is a written document containing the list of all items in the farm at a particular time. It is the complete account and evaluation of all assets and liabilities on the farm at a specified date. It shows the state of each equipment and its value.It is usually ten at beginning and at the end of each year. Below is an example of inventory record.

<h1>CROP IMPROVEMENT</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Crop Improvement</li> <li>Aims of Crop Improvement</li> <li>Methods/Process of Crop Improvement</li> <li>Genetic Terms</li> <li>Mendelian Laws of Inheritance</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Crop Improvement</h2> Crop improvement refers to the ways of developing and breeding of crop varieties which are better than the pre-existing cultivars in a number of characters like taste, height, colour, etc. for a better yield. Crop improvement is defined as the science that deals with the development of new crop varieties with superior quality and quantity.   <h2>Aims of Crop Improvement</h2> The following are the aims of crop improvement: <ol> <li>To improve the quality of produce</li> <li>To increase crop yield</li> <li>To adapt crops to adverse climatic conditions</li> <li>To induce resistance to pests and diseases in crop plants</li> <li>To conserve land resources</li> <li>To breed crops with uniform growth and maturity</li> <li>To meet particular needs of growers and consumers</li> <li>To improve harvesting qualities thereby harvesting is done with ease</li> <li>To meet the needs of consumers (processors or industrialists)</li> </ol>   <h2>Methods/Process of Crop Improvement</h2> The methods of crop improvement include the following: (a) Introduction (b) Selection (c) Hybridization/Cross Breeding   <h3>(a) Introduction</h3> Involves movement of plant(s) from the centre of origin of a supposed centre of evolution to another place where they can adapt and survive. Such imported crops are usually guaranteed by the nation’s plant quarantine service before introducing it to the country.   <h4>Advantages of Introduction</h4> <ol> <li>It is used to upgrade the qualities of the local varieties.</li> <li>It brings about varieties adaptable to the soil and climatic conditions of the new area.</li> <li>It enhances greater productivity.</li>