<h1><strong>INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Science</li> <li>How to Study Science</li> <li>The Branches of Science</li> <li>Uses of Science</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Definition of Science </strong></h2> Science is the systematic study of nature. Basic science is a subject that introduces sciences to mankind. <h2><strong>How to Study Science </strong></h2> Science is studied through the following ways:
<h1><strong>MEANING AND TYPES OF FORCE</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Force</li> <li>Mathematical Expression of Force</li> <li>Types of Forces</li> <li>Differences between Gravitational Force and Magnetic Force</li> <li>Uses of Force</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Definition of Force</strong></h2> Force is any action that moves an object or alters its uniform motion in a given direction. Force is the product of mass of the objects and its acceleration. The greater the mass of the object, the greater the force required to move it. Examples of force are pull, push, tension forces and frictional force between surfaces. <strong>Force is measured in Newton.</strong> <h2><strong>Mathematical Expression of Force</strong></h2> F ά mass × acceleration F = ma, where m = mass and a = acceleration due to gravity <h2><strong>Types of Forces </strong></h2> There are two types of force. These are; <ol> <li>Contact force</li> <li>Non-contact force/force field</li> </ol> <h3><strong>Contact Force </strong></h3>
<h1><strong>FAMILY HEALTH - SANITATION</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>The Meaning of Sanitation</li> <li>Types of Sanitation</li> <li>How to Carry Out Personal Cleanliness</li> <li>Advantages of Observing Personal Cleanliness</li> <li>Disadvantages of Not Observing Personal Cleanliness</li> <li>The Importance of Sanitation</li> </ol> <h2><strong>The Meaning of Sanitation</strong></h2> Sanitation is the removal of all kinds of waste that could be considered unpleasant from our immediate environment, in order to keep ourselves and our environment clean and healthy. <h2><strong>Types of Sanitation</strong></h2> The types of sanitation are as follows: (i) <strong>Environmental Sanitation:</strong> This refers to the practice or ways of keeping our surrounding clean and healthy by removing all kinds of waste from our rooms, toilets, bathrooms, kitchens and surroundings such as markets, schools etc. (ii)<strong> Personal cleanliness:</strong> This is the keeping of one’s body and personal belongings neat, clean and tidy always. Personal cleanliness is important for health because it prevents very tiny organisms (micro-organisms) which can cause diseases. <h2><strong>How to Carry Out Personal Cleanliness</strong></h2> We can carry out personal cleanliness by doing the following:
<h1><strong>CALCULATION OF GRAVITATIONAL FORCE</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Gravitational Force</li> <li>Calculation of Gravitational Forces</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Definition of Gravitational Force</strong></h2> This is the force with which the earth pulls all objects towards its centre. It is also called force of gravity. The instrument used for measuring gravitational force is called spring balance. <h2><strong>Calculation of Gravitational Forces</strong></h2> The unit of force is Newton (the symbol is N). The unit was named after Sir Isaac Newton who first discovered the facts about gravity. The weight of a body is the force the earth exerts on it. <strong>All forces are measured in Newton.</strong> On the earth surface the universal value of acceleration due to gravity (g) is 9.8m/s<sup>2</sup> or 10m/s<sup>2</sup> To calculate gravitational force (Gf). The following formulae are used: 1. F = mg, used for calculation of gravitational force. <strong>Example 1:</strong> Calculate the gravitational force required to pull down a mango fruit of 10kg falling with acceleration of 5m/s<sup>2</sup>. <strong>Solution:</strong> F = mg, where F is unknown, m = 10kg, a = 5m/s<sup>2</sup> ∴ F = 10 × 5 = 50 N. <strong>Example 2:</strong>
REFUSE AND SEWAGE</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Refuse and Sewage</li> <li>Methods of Refuse Disposal</li> <li>Cleaning Tools and Agents</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Meaning of Refuse and Sewage</strong></h2> Refuse is a solid waste whether dry or wet which could cause land pollution e.g. nylon, paper, plastic, broken bottles, scraps, etc. Refuse wastes materials could be divided into 2 namely: biodegradable and non-biodegradable. Biodegradable materials are materials that can decompose or decay e.g. banana peels, dead leaves, dead animals, etc. Non-biodegradable things are materials that cannot be decomposed or decay e.g. metals, plastics, broken bottles, etc. Sewage is a liquid waste from the environment e.g. faeces, urine, wasted water from kitchens, bathrooms, etc. <img class="size-full wp-image-19606 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/refuse-and-sewage.jpg" alt="refuse and sewage" width="431" height="116" /> <h2><strong>Methods of Refuse Disposal</strong></h2> Refuse disposal methods include:
<h1><strong>FRICTION: BALANCED AND UNBALANCED FORCES </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Friction</li> <li>Uses and Advantages of Friction</li> <li>Disadvantages of Friction</li> <li>How to Reduce Friction</li> <li>How to Reduce Friction</li> <li>Balanced and Unbalanced Forces</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Meaning of Friction</strong></h2> The force that tries to stop a body from moving is called friction. Friction also means force that opposes motion. Friction can be reduced by lubrication i.e. adding oil and grease placed between the two surfaces in contact. The oil and grease are called lubricants. <h2 style="text-align: center;"><img class="size-full wp-image-36570 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/protection-from-friction.jpg" alt="Friction; Balanced and Unbalanced Forces - Protection from friction" width="396" height="239" /><strong>Protection from Friction</strong></h2> <span style="color: #008000;">Friction is a force that occurs when one object moves against another. The ceramic tiles on the outside of the space shuttle protect it from the great friction caused when the shuttle re-enters Earth’s atmosphere.</span> <h2><strong>Uses and Advantages of Friction</strong></h2> The following are the uses and advantages of friction:
<h1><strong>FAMILY HEALTH - NUTRITION </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>The Meaning of Nutrition</li> <li>Meaning of Food</li> <li>Classes of Food</li> <li>Balanced Diet</li> </ol> <h2><strong>The Meaning of Nutrition</strong></h2> Nutrition is the act of obtaining food by living things. It is one of the characteristics of living things. <h2><strong>Meaning of Food</strong></h2> What is food? Food is any substance that is taken to nourish the body and to meet physiological needs for growth, energy and to maintain all processes. <h2><strong>Classes of Food</strong></h2> The food we eat can be grouped into following classes based on the nutrient derived from it. Nutrient is a group of chemical compounds found in food. There are six classes of food, namely carbohydrates, proteins, fat and oil, minerals salt, vitamins and water. <img class="aligncenter wp-image-19608 size-full" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/classes-of-food.jpg" alt="Nutrition - classes of food" width="346" height="268" /> <h3><strong>Carbohydrates</strong></h3> These are energy giving foods e.g rice, yam, maize, cassava, wheat, bread, potato, etc. Excess intake of carbohydrate foods can lead to diseases such as diabetes, beriberi etc.
<h1><strong>GRAVITATION AND WEIGHTLESSNESS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Gravitation</li> <li>Effect of Gravitation on Objects</li> <li>Weightlessness</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Meaning of Gravitation</strong></h2> Gravitation is a type of force that acts on a body across a distance, without any contact between the source and the body. The earth exerts a gravitational force on bodies by which it pulls these bodies towards its centre. This is why fruits fall to the ground from the tree and do not rise upwards. Also, when a stone is thrown upwards it soon stops its upward movement and starts to fall back to the earth. The force of gravity is a universal force. It exists between the earth and bodies and between planets and stars. <strong>Gravitational pull determines the weight of objects.</strong> The amount of force with which gravity pulls an object depends on three things, namely:
<h1><strong>FAMILY HEALTH - DRUG</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>The Meaning of Drug</li> <li>Types of Drugs</li> <li>Sources of Drugs</li> <li>Uses of Drugs</li> <li>Side Effects of Drugs</li> </ol> <h2><strong>The Meaning of Drug</strong></h2> Drug can be defined as any substance that can affect the body positively or negatively. Drugs can be taken into the body system directly or indirectly through swallowing, injection or inhalation. Examples of drugs: Chloroquine, Phensic, Panadol, Kola nut, Alcohol, Indian hemp etc. <h2><strong>Types of Drugs</strong></h2> There are two types of drugs, namely:
<h1><strong>THE EARTH IN SPACE</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>The Solar System</li> <li>The Eight Planets</li> <li>Earth's Rotation and Revolution</li> <li>Eclipse of the Sun and the Moon</li> </ol> <h2><strong>The Solar System</strong></h2> The planet earth, on which we live, is moving through space all the time. It is going round the sun. In doing this it carries us all through space. The earth travels through the space but we do not realize this because the air around the earth is carried along with it. The sun together with all the bodies which revolves round it makes up the solar system. The solar system consists of the sun, eight planets and their moons along with dwarf planets, comets and asteroids which revolve round the sun. The solar system is divided into inner and outer parts. The inner part contains the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars while the outer part contains Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. The two parts are demarcated by asteroid belt.