<h1>DRAINAGE</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Drainage</li> <li>Types of Drainage</li> <li>Importance of Drainage/Benefits of Drainage to Agriculture</li> <li>Problems of Drainage</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Drainage<strong></strong></h2> Drainage is the removal of excess water artificially from a farmland to prevent water logging and promote good farming activities. Excess water may be removed through channels, pipes or funnels either from the surface of land or beneath the soil. <br> <h2>Types of Drainage (Drainage Systems)</h2> There are two major types of drainage. These are: <ul> <li>Surface drainage</li> <li>Sub-surface/underground drainage</li> </ul>   <h3>Surface Drainage</h3> This is the removal of excess water from the surface of the farmland using constructed open ditches, field drain, land grading and lateral ditches. This is divided into; <ul> <li>Random field surface drainage</li> <li>Parallel field drainage</li> </ul> Random field surface is suitable for areas with pot holes or depressions (rough topography). Parallel field drain is ideal where fields are flat or less than 1 – 2% slope. <img class="size-full wp-image-52580 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/drainage-prarallel-field-drain.jpg" alt="Drainage - parallel field drainage" width="534" height="283" /> <p style="text-align: center;">Parallel Field Drain</p>

<h1>FARM SURVEYING AND PLANNING</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Farm Survey</li> <li>Types of Farm Survey</li> <li>Importance of Farm Surveying</li> <li>Common Survey Equipment and their Uses</li> <li>Maintenance Measures of Farm Survey Equipment</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Farm Survey</h2> Farm Survey is a way of showing the natural and man-made features such as streams, lakes, rivers, hills, valleys, rocks, roads, buildings etc on a piece of farmland. It can further be defined as the process of measuring and mapping out the position, height, size and boundary of an area of farmland.   <h2>Types of Farm Survey</h2> There are five types of farm survey, namely: <ol> <li><strong>Chain Survey</strong>: This is the simplest form and the oldest form of survey involving the use of chains or measuring tapes to determine the area of land</li> <li><strong>Geodetic/Traverse Survey</strong>: It is a type of survey in which the size and shape (spherical) of an area is determined by using prismatic compass</li> <li><strong>Soil Survey</strong>: This is concerned with the examination, classification and systematic mapping of the soil. It provides data on the composition and properties of the soil</li> <li><strong>Topographical Survey</strong>: This is a type of survey in which the physical features of an area or relief,shape are identified eg flatness, steepness, valley, rivers etc</li> <li><strong>Aerial Survey</strong>: It is the use of aircraft to observe a large area of land showing different features such as hills, vegetation, rivers, lakes, Clift etc</li> </ol> <br> <h2>Importance of Farm Surveying</h2> Farm surveying is important for the following reasons:

<h1>FARM PLANNING</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Farm Planning</li> <li>Importance of Farm Planning</li> <li>Factors to be Considered in Farm Planning and Design of Farmstead</li> <li>Principles of Farmstead Planning</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Farm Planning</h2> Farm planning is the sketching, outlining and drawing of the farmstead as well as arrangement of the land for proper usage without the risk of land degradation. It is also the general arrangement of a farm before and after its take off. <br> <h2>Importance of Farm Planning</h2> Farm planning is important for the following reasons: <ol> <li>It helps in determining the actual dimension of the farmland</li> <li>It promotes neatness of the farm</li> <li>It helps to describe the future of the soil units</li> <li>It helps to maximize the use of labour and other factors of production</li> <li>It helps in the location of farm structures and buildings</li> <li>It can be used in the preparation of feasibility studies</li> <li>It prevents wastage of farmland and other inputs</li> <li>It is a prerequisite in the registration of farm enterprise</li> <li>It can be used as collateral for getting loans</li> <li>It helps farmers to project his yield before harvesting</li> </ol> EVALUATION <ol> <li>Define the term farm planning</li> <li>Why is farm planning important?</li> </ol>   <h2>Factors to be Considered in Farm Planning and Design of Farmstead</h2>

<h1>AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Agricultural Pollution</li> <li>Types and Sources of Pollution of Agricultural Lands and Fish ponds</li> <li>Effects of Land/Pond Pollution on Farmers/Man</li> <li>Effects of Land/Pond Pollution on Agricultural Productivity</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Agricultural Pollution</h2> <strong>Pollution</strong> simply means introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes discomfort to the ecosystem. <strong>Agricultural pollution </strong>refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the environment as a result of agricultural practices. It is the totality of the contaminants present in the environment resulting from agricultural practices. Agricultural pollution comprises of: <ul> <li>Wastes,</li> <li>Emissions and</li> <li>Discharges arising from farm activities which may constitute nuisance to the ecosystem.</li>

<h1>FORESTRY</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Forest and Forestry</li> <li>Importance of Forest</li> <li>Forest Management Practices</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Forest and Forestry</h2> <h3>Forest</h3> A forest is defined as a large area of land covered with trees and bushes, either growing wild or planted for some purposes. A forest can also mean a woody ground, trees or pasture that grow in the wild or cultivate for a specific purposes <h3>Forestry</h3> Forestry can be defined as the management of forest for maximum sustained yield of forest resources and benefits. It can as well be defined as the art of planting, tending and managing forests and the utilization of their products. It is a branch of agriculture which deals with the control and management of forest for forest resources. <br> <h2>Importance of Forest</h2> The importance of forest includes the following: <ol> <li>Forest provides timber trees used as planks for furniture, canoes, coffins, pulp wood for papers and match sticks.</li> <li>It is a source of wild animals used for meat.</li> <li>Provides income to people through hunting, felling of timber and sales of other products.</li> <li>It protects the soil against erosion. The intensity of rain drops is reduced by the leaves, the stems reduce the speed of wind and the roots help to bind the soil together.</li> <li>It is a source of wild fruits, nuts, and flowers.</li> <li>It is a source of fuel e.g. fire wood</li> <li>It is a source of medicinal herbs for curing diseases</li> <li>It is a source of fibre and ropes</li> <li>It provides employment for people such as the forest guards, saw millers, forest lawyers.</li> <li>It is a source of revenue to the government</li> <li>It is a source of foreign exchange from the exported timber products. Hence, it raises the country’s national income</li>

<h1>AGRO-FORESTRY PRACTICES IN NIGERIA</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Agro-forest Practices</li> <li>Agro-Forest Practices</li> <li>Taungya System</li> <li>Alley Cropping</li> <li>Forest Reserves</li> <li>Wildlife Conservation</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Agro-forest Practices</h2> Agro-forest is the practice of combining agriculture with forestry for the sustenance of trees, fertility of the soil and production of abundant food crops to meet the needs of man. This account for about 70 percent of agricultural production for farmers living in forest zones.   <h2>Agro-Forest Practices</h2> <h3>Taungya System</h3> Taungya is a system of combining crop husbandry with forest management on the same piece of land, thereby integrating agriculture with forestry. Food crops are cultivated along with economic trees to provide shade at the initial stage of growth of the economic trees. The food crops are usually annual or biennial crops. Seedlings or seeds of economic trees are given to local farmers who have interest on taungya system to plant along with their own crops. After about two years they vacate the land while the forestry department takes over the management of the trees.   <h4>Examples of Trees Used in Agro-forestry</h4> <ul> <li>Parkia biblobasa (Ukpaka - locust beans)</li> <li>Irvingia spp (Ogbono)</li> <li>Adansonia digitata (Baobab)</li> <li>Tectona grandis (Teak)</li> <li>Vitelleria paradosa (Shear butter)</li> <li>Chrysophyllum albidum (African star apple)</li> <li>Blighia sapida (Ishin)</li> <li>Gmelina spp</li> <li>Flame of the forest</li> <li>Pinus spp</li> <li>Iroko</li>

<h1>PLANT NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIENTS CYCLE<strong></strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Macro and Micro Nutrients</li> <li>Sources, Functions and Deficiency Symptoms of Plant Macro Nutrients</li> <li>Sources, Functions and Deficiency Symptoms of Plant Micro Nutrients</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Availability of Nutrients</li> <li>Methods of Replenishing Soil Nutrients</li> <li>Organic Agriculture</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Macro and Micro Nutrients</h2> Nutrients are elements or substances that provide nourishment for the growth, development, metabolism and general well-being of plants. The most basic nutrient elements are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which are usually obtained from the air, soil or water medium in which the plant grows. All the other elements can be classified into two groups, macro and micro nutrients. <ol> <li><strong>Macro/Essential/Major Nutrients</strong>: Macro nutrients are mineral elements required by crops in a relatively large quantity. Examples of macro- nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorous , potassium, magnesium, calcium and sulphur.</li> <li><strong>Micro/Trace/Non Essential/Minor Nutrients</strong>: Micro nutrients, also known as trace elements are mineral elements required by crops in small quantities. Examples of micro nutrients are iron, manganese, boron, molybdenum, copper, zinc. Others appear to be helpful for the growth of certain species of plants. The functions and deficiency symptoms of these nutrients are summarized below.</li> </ol>

<h1><strong>PLANT NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIENTS CYCLE</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Nutrient Cycle</li> <li>The Nitrogen Cycle</li> <li>The Carbon Cycle</li> <li>The Phosphorus Cycle</li> <li>Diagram Process of Each Cycle</li> <li>Importance of Each Cycle</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Nutrient Cycle</h2> Nutrients cycle refers to the circulation of some nutrients in nature. They occur in the sea, soil, air, forest, etc.   <h2>The Nitrogen Cycle</h2> This is the natural process by which nitrogen moves in natural forms to another parts of the environment.   <img class="size-full wp-image-52364 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/plant-nutrient-cycle-nitrogen-cycle.jpg" alt="Plant nutrient and nutrient cycle - nitrogen cycle" width="577" height="421" /> <p style="text-align: center;">The Nitrogen Cycle</p>   <h3>The Processes of Nitrogen Transformation</h3> Processes of nitrogen transformation include: <ol> <li><strong>Oxidation during lightening</strong>: Nitrogen in the air combines with oxygen to form oxides of nitrogen such as nitric-oxides. Nitrogen peroxide and nitric-oxide. These undergo further oxidation to from nitrogen-dixoide. When this dissolves in water during rain. It forms nitrous acid and nitric acid. These are converted to nitrates and filter into the soil with rain water.</li>