SS2 Agricultural Science

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Farm Surveying

<h1>FARM SURVEYING AND PLANNING</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Farm Survey</li> <li>Types of Farm Survey</li> <li>Importance of Farm Surveying</li> <li>Common Survey Equipment and their Uses</li> <li>Maintenance Measures of Farm Survey Equipment</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Farm Survey</h2> Farm Survey is a way of showing the natural and man-made features such as streams, lakes, rivers, hills, valleys, rocks, roads, buildings etc on a piece of farmland. It can further be defined as the process of measuring and mapping out the position, height, size and boundary of an area of farmland.   <h2>Types of Farm Survey</h2> There are five types of farm survey, namely: <ol> <li><strong>Chain Survey</strong>: This is the simplest form and the oldest form of survey involving the use of chains or measuring tapes to determine the area of land</li> <li><strong>Geodetic/Traverse Survey</strong>: It is a type of survey in which the size and shape (spherical) of an area is determined by using prismatic compass</li> <li><strong>Soil Survey</strong>: This is concerned with the examination, classification and systematic mapping of the soil. It provides data on the composition and properties of the soil</li> <li><strong>Topographical Survey</strong>: This is a type of survey in which the physical features of an area or relief,shape are identified eg flatness, steepness, valley, rivers etc</li> <li><strong>Aerial Survey</strong>: It is the use of aircraft to observe a large area of land showing different features such as hills, vegetation, rivers, lakes, Clift etc</li> </ol> <br> <h2>Importance of Farm Surveying</h2> Farm surveying is important for the following reasons:

Farm Planning

<h1>FARM PLANNING</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Farm Planning</li> <li>Importance of Farm Planning</li> <li>Factors to be Considered in Farm Planning and Design of Farmstead</li> <li>Principles of Farmstead Planning</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Farm Planning</h2> Farm planning is the sketching, outlining and drawing of the farmstead as well as arrangement of the land for proper usage without the risk of land degradation. It is also the general arrangement of a farm before and after its take off. <br> <h2>Importance of Farm Planning</h2> Farm planning is important for the following reasons: <ol> <li>It helps in determining the actual dimension of the farmland</li> <li>It promotes neatness of the farm</li> <li>It helps to describe the future of the soil units</li> <li>It helps to maximize the use of labour and other factors of production</li> <li>It helps in the location of farm structures and buildings</li> <li>It can be used in the preparation of feasibility studies</li> <li>It prevents wastage of farmland and other inputs</li> <li>It is a prerequisite in the registration of farm enterprise</li> <li>It can be used as collateral for getting loans</li> <li>It helps farmers to project his yield before harvesting</li> </ol> EVALUATION <ol> <li>Define the term farm planning</li> <li>Why is farm planning important?</li> </ol>   <h2>Factors to be Considered in Farm Planning and Design of Farmstead</h2>

Environmental Physiology

<h1>ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Environmental Physiology</li> <li>Effects of Changes in Climate on the Growth of Farm Animals</li> <li>Effects of Changes in Climate on Reproduction</li> <li>Effects of Changes in Climate on Milk Production</li> <li>Effects of Changes in Climate on Egg Production</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Environmental Physiology</h2> Environmental physiology is the study of the interrelationship between an organism’s physical functioning and its environment. It also encompasses plant physical functioning. Environmental physiology refers to the effects of the environment on the growth and performance of farm animals. Apart from good feeding, health services render to farm animals changes in the environmental factors determine the productivity of any farm animals. Too high or too low of any of the elements of weather causes negative effects on the well being of the animals.   <h2>Effects of Changes in Climate on the Growth of Farm Animals</h2> <h3>Effects of Extremely High Temperature on the Growth of Farm Animals</h3> Extremely high temperature leads to the following:

Agricultural Pollution

<h1>AGRICULTURAL POLLUTION</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Agricultural Pollution</li> <li>Types and Sources of Pollution of Agricultural Lands and Fish ponds</li> <li>Effects of Land/Pond Pollution on Farmers/Man</li> <li>Effects of Land/Pond Pollution on Agricultural Productivity</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Agricultural Pollution</h2> <strong>Pollution</strong> simply means introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that causes discomfort to the ecosystem. <strong>Agricultural pollution </strong>refers to the introduction of harmful substances into the environment as a result of agricultural practices. It is the totality of the contaminants present in the environment resulting from agricultural practices. Agricultural pollution comprises of: <ul> <li>Wastes,</li> <li>Emissions and</li> <li>Discharges arising from farm activities which may constitute nuisance to the ecosystem.</li>

Livestock Management

<h1>LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Livestock Management</li> <li>Requirements for Livestock Management</li> <li>Systems of Raising Livestock</li> <li><strong>Cattle Management</strong>: Requirements for Cattle Management; Breeds of Cattle; Systems of Cattle Management; Economic Importance of Cattle; Management Practices in Cattle Production;</li> <li><strong>Poultry Management</strong>: Definition of Poultry; Importance of Poultry; Breeds of Domestic Fowl; Names of Different Types of Poultry; Systems of Poultry Production; Housing in Poultry Management; Feeding in Poultry Management; Hygiene in Poultry Management; Other Management Practices in Poultry</li> <li><strong>Pig Rearing</strong>: Breeds of Pigs; Systems of Rearing Pigs; Housing in Pig Rearing; Feeding in Pig Rearing; Common Diseases of Pigs;</li> <li><strong>Rabbits Rearing</strong>: Breeds of Rabbits; Housing in Rabbits Rearing; Feeding in Rabbits Rearing; Hygiene in Rabbits Rearing; Importance of Rabbit Rearing; Problems Militating against Rabbit Production in Nigeria; Common Diseases of Rabbit</li> <li><strong>Goats Rearing</strong>: Importance of Keeping Goats; Factors Responsible for the Success of Goat Production; Breeds of Goats; Exotic Breeds of Goats; Systems Used for Goats Keeping; Housing in Goats Rearing; Feeding in Goats Rearing; Feeding in Goats Rearing; Hygiene in Goats Rearing</li> <li><strong>Sheep Rearing</strong>: Breeds of Sheep; Housing in Sheep Rearing; Feeding in Sheep Rearing; Hygiene in Sheep Rearing</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Livestock Management</h2> Livestock management refers to the activities carried out by a farmer in his effort to raise farm animals from day old to the point of marketing or disposing the animals. It involves the provision and maintenance of adequate housing, good feeding, sanitation and medicare.   <h2>Requirements for Livestock Management</h2> In order to successfully manage livestock for maximum benefits, the following factors (requirements) have to be made available: <ol> <li>Water</li> <li>Housing in good location with the necessary equipment</li> <li>Favorable climatic conditions</li> <li>Knowledge of the breed of animals to be produced</li> <li>Knowledge of pests and diseases the affect the proposed animals</li> <li>The technical expertise about the animals to rear</li> <li>Nearness to market, good (motorable) roads and storage facilities</li> <li>Finance available for the operating farmers</li> </ol>   <h2>Systems of Raising Livestock</h2> There are three systems of raising livestock <ol> <li>Extensive or free range system</li> <li>Semi-intensive system</li> <li>Intensive system</li> </ol>   <h3>Extensive or Free Range System</h3> In this system, animals are left to search for food for themselves. It is the oldest and traditional method of rearing animal practiced generally in Nigeria.   <h3>Semi-intensive System</h3> In semi-intensive system animals are raised partly indoor and partly outdoor. Some housing and feeding are basically provided for the animal but they freely look for food and water most part of the day. Supplementary feeding is usually provided in form of concentrates,minerals, vitamins, salt licks within the shelter are provided for them.   <h3>Intensive System</h3> This is the system whereby animals are restricted or confined within a pen or a cage and all feeding, watering, medication, vaccination and other management are provided.   <h2>Cattle Management</h2> Requirements for Cattle Management They belong to the group of known as Bovidae. These are ruminants which are reared for meat, milk hide and skin, blood, bone and for work. <img class="size-full wp-image-55219 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cattle-management.jpg" alt="Livestock managment - Requirement for cattle management" width="511" height="470" /> <h3>Breeds of Cattle</h3> 1. Beef Cattle: This type of breed are reared purposely for meat. Examples include;

Forest Management

<h1>FORESTRY</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Forest and Forestry</li> <li>Importance of Forest</li> <li>Forest Management Practices</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Forest and Forestry</h2> <h3>Forest</h3> A forest is defined as a large area of land covered with trees and bushes, either growing wild or planted for some purposes. A forest can also mean a woody ground, trees or pasture that grow in the wild or cultivate for a specific purposes <h3>Forestry</h3> Forestry can be defined as the management of forest for maximum sustained yield of forest resources and benefits. It can as well be defined as the art of planting, tending and managing forests and the utilization of their products. It is a branch of agriculture which deals with the control and management of forest for forest resources. <br> <h2>Importance of Forest</h2> The importance of forest includes the following: <ol> <li>Forest provides timber trees used as planks for furniture, canoes, coffins, pulp wood for papers and match sticks.</li> <li>It is a source of wild animals used for meat.</li> <li>Provides income to people through hunting, felling of timber and sales of other products.</li> <li>It protects the soil against erosion. The intensity of rain drops is reduced by the leaves, the stems reduce the speed of wind and the roots help to bind the soil together.</li> <li>It is a source of wild fruits, nuts, and flowers.</li> <li>It is a source of fuel e.g. fire wood</li> <li>It is a source of medicinal herbs for curing diseases</li> <li>It is a source of fibre and ropes</li> <li>It provides employment for people such as the forest guards, saw millers, forest lawyers.</li> <li>It is a source of revenue to the government</li> <li>It is a source of foreign exchange from the exported timber products. Hence, it raises the country’s national income</li>

Animal Nutrition

<h1>ANIMAL NUTRITION</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Animal Nutrition</li> <li>Factors that Determine the Nutritional Requirements of an Animal</li> <li>Reasons for Feeding Farm Animals</li> <li>Classification and Characteristics of Feed</li> <li>Sources and Functions of Food Nutrients</li> <li>Types of Ration and their Uses</li> <li>Ration Formulation</li> <li>Principles or Factors to be Considered in Formulating Livestock Ration</li> <li>Methods of Formulating Ration</li> <li>Malnutrition in Farm Animals</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Animal Nutrition</h2> Animal nutrition is the science that studies the food requirements of animals. Food is the major requirement of the body for substance and maintenance of all physiological, anatomy and pathological functioning. When food is lacking the body becomes lifeless. Hence the study of food is very important. Food given to livestock is called feed. The feed is needed forenergy, growth, repair of worn out tissues and general good health of the animals. A nutrients is any element or compound present in the food required by the animal for proper body functioning. A feed is any food substance which when fed to animals is capable of providing some of the nutrients necessary for up keep to that animal. Nutrition is defined as the science of feeding and nourishing the body. It is the series of processes by which an organism takes in or ingests, digests and assimilates food for promoting growth and for the replacement of worn out tissues. Animal nutrition can then be defined as the science of feeding an animal with an appropriate diet capable of nourishing the animal for growth, development, reproduction and repairs of worn out tissues. Therefore the ingredients used for making the feeds must have the following nutrients in adequate quantities and required proportions: (a) Carbohydrates (b) Proteins (c) Vitamins (d) Minerals (e) Crude fibre (f) Fat (g) Water   <h2>Factors that Determine the Nutritional Requirements of an Animal</h2> The level of nutrient or nutritional requirement of animal depend on the following factors: <ol> <li>Age of the animal – young grower</li> <li>Class of animal – egg producer, ruminant or non-ruminant, meat animal</li> <li>Production level – growers, young layers and old layer dry sow</li> </ol>   <h2>Reasons for Feeding Farm Animals</h2> Feeds are fed to farm animals for the following purposes: <ol> <li>To provide necessary elements for repairing the wear and tear of the body to provide raw material for synthesis of body source in growth.</li> <li>To serve as a source of energy for vital processes in the body e.g growth, work, reproduction, respiration digestion etc. For generating heat necessary for maintaining body temperature. To serve as raw materials for the production of milk meat egg wool, etc.</li> </ol>   <h2>Classification and Characteristics of Feed</h2> Animal feed stuffs are classified on their chemical nutritional composition, bulkiness and use. The chemical composition or nutrients gives the potential value of the feed but does not give the actual value. Feeds can be classified into the following:

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