<h1>ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Environmental Physiology</li> <li>Effects of Changes in Climate on the Growth of Farm Animals</li> <li>Effects of Changes in Climate on Reproduction</li> <li>Effects of Changes in Climate on Milk Production</li> <li>Effects of Changes in Climate on Egg Production</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Environmental Physiology</h2> Environmental physiology is the study of the interrelationship between an organism’s physical functioning and its environment. It also encompasses plant physical functioning. Environmental physiology refers to the effects of the environment on the growth and performance of farm animals. Apart from good feeding, health services render to farm animals changes in the environmental factors determine the productivity of any farm animals. Too high or too low of any of the elements of weather causes negative effects on the well being of the animals.   <h2>Effects of Changes in Climate on the Growth of Farm Animals</h2> <h3>Effects of Extremely High Temperature on the Growth of Farm Animals</h3> Extremely high temperature leads to the following:

<h1>LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Livestock Management</li> <li>Requirements for Livestock Management</li> <li>Systems of Raising Livestock</li> <li><strong>Cattle Management</strong>: Requirements for Cattle Management; Breeds of Cattle; Systems of Cattle Management; Economic Importance of Cattle; Management Practices in Cattle Production;</li> <li><strong>Poultry Management</strong>: Definition of Poultry; Importance of Poultry; Breeds of Domestic Fowl; Names of Different Types of Poultry; Systems of Poultry Production; Housing in Poultry Management; Feeding in Poultry Management; Hygiene in Poultry Management; Other Management Practices in Poultry</li> <li><strong>Pig Rearing</strong>: Breeds of Pigs; Systems of Rearing Pigs; Housing in Pig Rearing; Feeding in Pig Rearing; Common Diseases of Pigs;</li> <li><strong>Rabbits Rearing</strong>: Breeds of Rabbits; Housing in Rabbits Rearing; Feeding in Rabbits Rearing; Hygiene in Rabbits Rearing; Importance of Rabbit Rearing; Problems Militating against Rabbit Production in Nigeria; Common Diseases of Rabbit</li> <li><strong>Goats Rearing</strong>: Importance of Keeping Goats; Factors Responsible for the Success of Goat Production; Breeds of Goats; Exotic Breeds of Goats; Systems Used for Goats Keeping; Housing in Goats Rearing; Feeding in Goats Rearing; Feeding in Goats Rearing; Hygiene in Goats Rearing</li> <li><strong>Sheep Rearing</strong>: Breeds of Sheep; Housing in Sheep Rearing; Feeding in Sheep Rearing; Hygiene in Sheep Rearing</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Livestock Management</h2> Livestock management refers to the activities carried out by a farmer in his effort to raise farm animals from day old to the point of marketing or disposing the animals. It involves the provision and maintenance of adequate housing, good feeding, sanitation and medicare.   <h2>Requirements for Livestock Management</h2> In order to successfully manage livestock for maximum benefits, the following factors (requirements) have to be made available: <ol> <li>Water</li> <li>Housing in good location with the necessary equipment</li> <li>Favorable climatic conditions</li> <li>Knowledge of the breed of animals to be produced</li> <li>Knowledge of pests and diseases the affect the proposed animals</li> <li>The technical expertise about the animals to rear</li> <li>Nearness to market, good (motorable) roads and storage facilities</li> <li>Finance available for the operating farmers</li> </ol>   <h2>Systems of Raising Livestock</h2> There are three systems of raising livestock <ol> <li>Extensive or free range system</li> <li>Semi-intensive system</li> <li>Intensive system</li> </ol>   <h3>Extensive or Free Range System</h3> In this system, animals are left to search for food for themselves. It is the oldest and traditional method of rearing animal practiced generally in Nigeria.   <h3>Semi-intensive System</h3> In semi-intensive system animals are raised partly indoor and partly outdoor. Some housing and feeding are basically provided for the animal but they freely look for food and water most part of the day. Supplementary feeding is usually provided in form of concentrates,minerals, vitamins, salt licks within the shelter are provided for them.   <h3>Intensive System</h3> This is the system whereby animals are restricted or confined within a pen or a cage and all feeding, watering, medication, vaccination and other management are provided.   <h2>Cattle Management</h2> Requirements for Cattle Management They belong to the group of known as Bovidae. These are ruminants which are reared for meat, milk hide and skin, blood, bone and for work. <img class="size-full wp-image-55219 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/cattle-management.jpg" alt="Livestock managment - Requirement for cattle management" width="511" height="470" /> <h3>Breeds of Cattle</h3> 1. Beef Cattle: This type of breed are reared purposely for meat. Examples include;

<h1>ANIMAL NUTRITION</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Animal Nutrition</li> <li>Factors that Determine the Nutritional Requirements of an Animal</li> <li>Reasons for Feeding Farm Animals</li> <li>Classification and Characteristics of Feed</li> <li>Sources and Functions of Food Nutrients</li> <li>Types of Ration and their Uses</li> <li>Ration Formulation</li> <li>Principles or Factors to be Considered in Formulating Livestock Ration</li> <li>Methods of Formulating Ration</li> <li>Malnutrition in Farm Animals</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Animal Nutrition</h2> Animal nutrition is the science that studies the food requirements of animals. Food is the major requirement of the body for substance and maintenance of all physiological, anatomy and pathological functioning. When food is lacking the body becomes lifeless. Hence the study of food is very important. Food given to livestock is called feed. The feed is needed forenergy, growth, repair of worn out tissues and general good health of the animals. A nutrients is any element or compound present in the food required by the animal for proper body functioning. A feed is any food substance which when fed to animals is capable of providing some of the nutrients necessary for up keep to that animal. Nutrition is defined as the science of feeding and nourishing the body. It is the series of processes by which an organism takes in or ingests, digests and assimilates food for promoting growth and for the replacement of worn out tissues. Animal nutrition can then be defined as the science of feeding an animal with an appropriate diet capable of nourishing the animal for growth, development, reproduction and repairs of worn out tissues. Therefore the ingredients used for making the feeds must have the following nutrients in adequate quantities and required proportions: (a) Carbohydrates (b) Proteins (c) Vitamins (d) Minerals (e) Crude fibre (f) Fat (g) Water   <h2>Factors that Determine the Nutritional Requirements of an Animal</h2> The level of nutrient or nutritional requirement of animal depend on the following factors: <ol> <li>Age of the animal – young grower</li> <li>Class of animal – egg producer, ruminant or non-ruminant, meat animal</li> <li>Production level – growers, young layers and old layer dry sow</li> </ol>   <h2>Reasons for Feeding Farm Animals</h2> Feeds are fed to farm animals for the following purposes: <ol> <li>To provide necessary elements for repairing the wear and tear of the body to provide raw material for synthesis of body source in growth.</li> <li>To serve as a source of energy for vital processes in the body e.g growth, work, reproduction, respiration digestion etc. For generating heat necessary for maintaining body temperature. To serve as raw materials for the production of milk meat egg wool, etc.</li> </ol>   <h2>Classification and Characteristics of Feed</h2> Animal feed stuffs are classified on their chemical nutritional composition, bulkiness and use. The chemical composition or nutrients gives the potential value of the feed but does not give the actual value. Feeds can be classified into the following:

<h1>RANGELAND MANAGEMENT</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Rangeland/Pasture</li> <li>Importance of Rangeland/Pasture</li> <li>Characteristics of Rangeland</li> <li>Common Grasses of Livestock in Rangeland</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Level of Production of Herbage</li> <li>Methods of Rangeland and Pasture Improvement</li> </ol> <h2>Meaning of Rangeland/Pasture</h2> The term <em>rangeland</em> is used to describe a predominantly herbaceous plants community. It affords extensive grazing pasture for animals like cattle, sheep and goats. <h2>Definition of Rangeland</h2> Rangeland can be defined as an extensive area of land covered by grasses, legumes with some tree, shrubs and herbs where animals (ruminants) can graze or browse freely. Rangeland is any extensive area of land that is occupied by native herbaceous or shrub vegetation which is grazed by animals. It is an expanse of land suitable for livestock to wander and graze on. <h2>Meaning of Natural Pasture</h2> This is also referred to as natural grass land or rangeland. <h2>Meaning of Artificial Pasture</h2> This is also referred to as established or sown pasture. In this pasture, grasses and legumes are deliberately planted and managed by man to be fed on by livestock. <h2>Meaning of Improved Pasture</h2> Natural pasture or range land can be improved by addition of some farming activities such as irrigation, reseeding, fertilizer application, weeding etc. so as to make it better and functional for livestock that feed on them.   <h2>Importance of Rangeland</h2> Rangeland is important for the following reasons:

<h1>BASIC ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES AND FACTORS OF PRODUCTION</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Basic Economic Principles</li> <li>The Factors of Production</li> </ol>   <h2>Basic Economic Principles</h2> Economics is a social science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses. It deals with production, distribution, exchange (marketing) and consumption of agricultural goods. Basic Economics principles include; <ul> <li>wants.</li> <li>scarcity.</li> <li>choice.</li> <li>scale of preference.</li> <li>opportunity cost.</li> <li>law of diminishing returns.</li> </ul>   <h3>Wants</h3> These are goods and services desired after the basic needs have been satisfied. In agriculture, the wants includes inputs needed for production services e.g. planting materials, fertilizers, chemicals, tools and implements, land for cultivation, livestock feeds, etc. <h3>Scarcity</h3> It is a term used to express that available commodity or service is limited in supply or not enough for those who demand for it. The limited nature of resources affects the production of crops and animals. This makes the farmers to make use of what they have. <h3>Choice</h3> Choice arises because of scarcity of resources and is guided by economic decision. This is the point where farmer takes a decision on what to buy, how much to buy, where to buy, what to produce, where to plant, etc. Every decision is a choice between alternative. <h3>Scale of Preference</h3> It is a list or arrangement of human wants in order of their relative importance. The farmer has to choose from the list of his unlimited wants since resources to satisfy them are limited. <h3>Opportunity Cost</h3>