SS2 Agricultural Science Objective Questions

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Common Types of Ornamental Plants

<h1>COMMON TYPES OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Types of Ornamental Plants According to their Uses</li> <li>Settings and Location for Planting Each Type of Ornamental Plant</li> </ol>   <h2>Types of Ornamental Plants According to their Uses</h2> <strong>Ornamental plants</strong> can be used differently due to the different nature and unique features exhibited by these plants. Based on the different uses ornamental plants can be classified into: 1.<strong> Hedging plants:</strong> These are mainly shrubs and trees often used as hedges in gardens, homes, offices or similar structures. Examples of such plants are: <ul> <li>Pride of Barbados (Caesalpinia pulcherrima)</li> <li>Alamanda (Allamanda cathartica)</li> <li>Wild Rose (Rosa aciculris)</li> <li>Hibiscus (Hibiscus spp)</li> <li>Ixora (Ixora coccinea)</li> <li>Crotons (Codiaeum variagatum)</li> </ul> 2. <strong>Bedding plants: </strong>These are mostly flowering plants used for decorative or commercial purposes in hones or gardens. An example is

Principles of Demand and Supply

<h1>PRINCIPLES OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Demand and Law of Demand</li> <li>The Demand Schedule and Demand Curve</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Demand for Agricultural Produce</li> <li>Movement along the Demand Curve</li> <li>Shift in Demand Curve</li> <li>Elasticity of Demand</li> <li>Meaning of Supply and Law of Supply</li> <li>The Supply Schedule and Supply Curve</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Supply of Agricultural Produce</li> <li>Elasticity of Supply</li> <li>Price Determination</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Demand</h2> Demand can be defined as the quantity of a commodity that an individual is willing and able to buy at a specific price within a given period of time. Demand is more than the desire to have something. It must be backed with the ability to pay the price.   <h2>The Law of Demand</h2> This law states that there is inverse relationship between the price and the quantity of produce demanded. It therefore means that the higher the price the lower the quantity demanded.   <h2>The Demand Schedule</h2> Makes the law of demand explicit. It shows the relationship between the price and the quantity of the commodity demanded. Demand schedule shows the amount of a commodity that a person will buy at various prices in a given period.

Implications of Demand and Supply for Agricultural Production

<h1>IMPLICATIONS OF DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Implications of Demand and Supply for Agricultural Production</li> <li>Price Support and its Effects on Agriculture</li> <li>Price Control and Effects on Agriculture</li> <li>Subsidy and its Effects on Agriculture</li> <li>Reasons for Farm Subsidies</li> </ol>   <h2>Implications of Demand and Supply for Agricultural Production</h2> The implications of demand and supply for agricultural production include the following: <ol> <li>When the demand for a farm produce exceeds supply, price tends to rise.</li> <li>When the demand for a farm produce is lower than the supply, the price falls.</li> <li>Increase in the income of the consumer will make them demand for more farm produce vice versa.</li> <li>Increase in the price of produce may lead to low demand for it and shift to the close substitute that has a lower price.</li> <li>High cost of production may lead to low output, low supply and high prices of produce and vice versa.</li> <li>Supply of farm produce will be low when environmental factors for production are unfavorable and vice versa.</li> <li>High cost of farm inputs may lead to low supply and high cost of farm produce and vice versa.</li> <li>If the taste of consumers is in favor of a product, the demand and price of such produce will increase and vice versa.</li> <li>Increase in the number of producers will lead to increase in supply and reduction of price and vice versa.</li> </ol>   <h2>Price Support and its Effects on Agriculture</h2> Price support is the government imposed price floors on selected farm produce. It is also known as ‘minimum prices’ established by the government above equilibrium price. The government supports in the following ways:

Diseases of Crops

<h1>DISEASES OF CROPS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Disease</li> <li>Diseases of Major Crops</li> <li>Causes of Diseases</li> <li>Brief Explanations on Disease-causing Organisms</li> <li>General Effects of Disease on Crop Plants</li> <li>Diseases of Major Crops (detailed)</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Disease</h2> A disease is a departure from normal state of health, presenting marked symptoms or outward visible signs. A disease is also defined as a condition of disorder in the functioning of the tissues of an organism. It is an unfavorable condition caused by infections by pathogens or deficiency or excess of some environmental factors which result in physiological and anatomical dysfunctions expressed in characteristic symptoms.   <h2>Diseases of Major Crops</h2> The following are the diseases of major crops: (i) Cereals – Smut, rice blast, etc. (ii) Legumes - Cercospora, leaf spot, rosette, etc. (iii) Beverages - Cocoa black pod, coffee leaf rust, etc. (iv) Tuber - Cassava mosaic, bacterial leaf blight, etc. (v) Fruits - Citrus Gummosis, Diebacks, etc. (vi) Fiber - Black arm (bacterial blight of cotton) (vii) Vegetables - Root knot of tomato or okra, etc. (viii) Stored produce - Mould   <h2>Causes of Diseases</h2> <h3>(i) Pathogen Diseases</h3> These are diseases caused by living microorganisms called pathogens. e.g.

Pests of Crops

<h1>PESTS OF CROPS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Crop Pests</li> <li>Classification of Crop Pests</li> <li>Name and Description of Important Insect Pests</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Crop Pests</h2> A pest can be described as an organism, whether plant or animal, which causes economic damage to crop plants, livestock, man and his possessions. They attack crops on the field as well as in the store. They may harm crops directly or introduce diseases into them. Examples of pests are insects, rodents, higher parasitic plants, etc.   <h2>Classification of Crop Pests</h2> Pests are classified in different ways as follows: <ol> <li>Insect pests</li> <li>Non-insect pests</li> </ol>   <h3>Insect Pests</h3> These are the most serious pests of agricultural importance, and the group includes all insects which cause damages to crops and crop products. Examples of insect pests are grass hopper, weevils, beetles, white flies, termites, crickets and locusts. They feed on crops either on the field or in the store.   <h3>Non-insect Pests</h3> These are organisms other than insects which attack and feed on crops. They cause a lot of damages to crops though they are not as many as insect pests. Examples of non-insect pests include rodents like giant rats, grass cutter, monkeys, nematodes and birds. <img class="size-full wp-image-53333 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/non-insect-pests.jpg" alt="Pests of Crops - Non-insect pests" width="650" height="139" />   <h3>Classification of Insect Pests Based on Mouth Parts/Mode of Feeding</h3>

The Circulatory System of Farm Animals

<h1>ANATOMY, PHYSIOLOGY AND REPRODUCTION OF FARM ANIMALS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>The Circulatory System</li> <li>Functions of the Blood</li> <li>Pulmonary Circulation</li> <li>Systematic Circulation</li> <li>Differences between Artery and Vein</li> </ol>   <h2>The Circulatory System</h2> The circulatory system is made possible by blood and heart including arteries, veins and capillaries. The heart is the main organ and the pumping station of the blood. The pumping action is referred to as heartbeat, the heart is made up of tough muscles called the cardiac muscles and they are located in the pericardium region of the thoracic cavity.   <h2>Functions of the Blood</h2> The functions of blood in the body of animals include the following: <ol> <li>It transports food, including vitamins.</li> <li>It carries oxygen to all parts of the body.</li> <li>It protects the body against diseases.</li> <li>It transports chemical regulators.</li> <li>It maintains the temperature of the body.</li>

Plant Nutrient and Nutrient Cycles

<h1>PLANT NUTRIENTS AND NUTRIENTS CYCLE<strong></strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Macro and Micro Nutrients</li> <li>Sources, Functions and Deficiency Symptoms of Plant Macro Nutrients</li> <li>Sources, Functions and Deficiency Symptoms of Plant Micro Nutrients</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Availability of Nutrients</li> <li>Methods of Replenishing Soil Nutrients</li> <li>Organic Agriculture</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Macro and Micro Nutrients</h2> Nutrients are elements or substances that provide nourishment for the growth, development, metabolism and general well-being of plants. The most basic nutrient elements are carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which are usually obtained from the air, soil or water medium in which the plant grows. All the other elements can be classified into two groups, macro and micro nutrients. <ol> <li><strong>Macro/Essential/Major Nutrients</strong>: Macro nutrients are mineral elements required by crops in a relatively large quantity. Examples of macro- nutrients are nitrogen, phosphorous , potassium, magnesium, calcium and sulphur.</li> <li><strong>Micro/Trace/Non Essential/Minor Nutrients</strong>: Micro nutrients, also known as trace elements are mineral elements required by crops in small quantities. Examples of micro nutrients are iron, manganese, boron, molybdenum, copper, zinc. Others appear to be helpful for the growth of certain species of plants. The functions and deficiency symptoms of these nutrients are summarized below.</li> </ol>

Pests of Crops (continued)

<h1>PESTS OF CROPS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Other Important Pests and Nature of Damages to Crop Pests</li> <li>Broad Outline/Biology of Selected Insect Pests</li> <li>Preventive and Control Measures of Crop Pests</li> <li>Side Effects of Various Preventive and Control Measures</li> <li>Effects/Economic Importance of Pests</li> </ol>   <h2>Other Important Pests and Nature of Damages to Crop Pests</h2> The non-insect pests include: <ol> <li>Birds</li> <li>Rodents</li> <li>Nematodes</li> <li>Snails</li> </ol>   <h3>Birds</h3> Many kinds of birds feed on planted crops. They attack crops like fruits, grains, oil palm, etc. while on the field. For example, the weaver birds called Quela bird feed on millet, sorghum and rice. They eat the developing seeds and cause great losses on crops. Francolin feeds on tuber crops like cassava, yam, cocoyam and grain crop. Parrots also eat lots of fruits such as mango and cocoa. Weaver birds cause defoliation to oil palm leaves, reducing photosynthetic activities of the crops. <h3>Rodents</h3> These are mammalian pests which damage crops like young oil palm trees, vegetables, yam, cassava, rice and sugar-cane. Examples are rats, monkeys, giant rats, bats, squirrel, grass cutter and antelope. Squirrels and monkeys eat cocoa pods; bats eat lots of fruits like oranges and mangoes. Ground squirrel eats or digs out and eats newly planted seeds. Grass cutter cuts and eat cereals, cassava, sugar cane and young oil palms. Rats eat and destroy stored produce like grains and tubers. <h3>Nematodes</h3> These are species of worm present in the soil. From the soil, they enter into the root of crops like tomatoes and okra where they cause the root to grow swellings called root knots. When this happens the plants have stunted growth and reduced yield <h3>Snails</h3> They are serious pests and they feed on leaves and reduce their photosynthetic ability, yield and quality of vegetables.   <h3>Nature of Damage to Crops</h3> The nature of damage by some selected crop pest are shown in the table below:

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