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Woodwork Hand Tools: Measuring Tools; Setting and Marking Out Tools

Complexity: Standard

<h1>WOODWORK HAND TOOLS</h1> <p>CONTENT</p> <ol> <li>Classes of Wood Work Hand Tools</li> <li>Measuring and Marking Out Tools</li> <li>Setting and Marking Out Tools</li> </ol> <p> </p> <h2>Classes of Wood Work Hand Tools</h2> <p>There are six classes of wood work hand tools. They are:</p> <ol> <li>Measuring tools</li> <li>Marking out/setting out tools</li> <li>Work holding tools</li> <li>Boring tools</li> <li>Cutting and paring tools</li> <li>Driving tools.</li> </ol> <h3>The Work Bench</h3> <p>A very vital tool in the wood workshop upon which operations such as sawing, drilling, planning, chiseling and boring are all carried out.</p> <p>Work bench fittings are:</p> <ol> <li><strong>Bench Stop</strong> is a provision made to prevent the work piece from slipping off the top surface of the work bench during planning.</li> <li><strong>Bench Hook</strong> is a device used to hold the job (or work piece) down during sawing or chiseling.</li> <li><strong>Bench Vice</strong> is a device that has a torsion bar for opening the jaws to allow a work piece to be held firmly between them. Usually more than one of this is fixed on the bench.</li> <li><strong>The Well</strong> is an important longitudinal hollow feature at the center of the work bench which serves as storage area for keeping bench tools during the process of work.<img class="size-full wp-image-36641 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/the-work-bench.jpg" alt="Measuring and marking out tools - Work bench" width="470" height="222" /></li> </ol> <h2>Measuring Tools</h2> <p><strong>Measurement</strong> is the first operation in woodwork. It is an activity that involves taking, checking and recording of distance between two points (or dimension) of object.</p> <p>There are:</p>

Workshop Safety; Workshop Safety Devices

Length: 0 minutesComplexity: Standard

<h1>WORKSHOP SAFETY</h1> <p>CONTENT</p> <ol> <li>Introduction to Workshop Safety</li> <li>Meaning of Workshop Accident</li> <li>Causes of Workshop Accident</li> <li>Workshop Safety Rules</li> <li>Types of Accidents in the Workshop</li> <li>Workshop Safety Devices</li> </ol> <p> </p> <h2>Introduction to Workshop Safety</h2> <p><strong>Safety</strong> is freedom from danger. It is protection from risk of harm or injury. It is also protection against damage to machines, tools as well as the prevention or removal of factors that can lead to accident. Safety must be ensured in the workshop.</p> <p>A<strong> workshop</strong> is a place where technical and engineering works are carried out.</p> <p><strong>Workshop safety</strong> is protection from risk of harm or injury to humans or damage to machines and tools in the workshop.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Meaning of Workshop Accident</h2> <p>An accident is an unexpected event resulting in injury, illness or death as well as damage to property. Accident occurs as a result of hazards. Hazard is both an unsafe condition and unsafe act. It makes an accident to occur. Hazard is, therefore, any activity, situation or substance that causes harm or injury to someone in a workshop while he/she is working.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Causes of Workshop Accident</h2> <p>The basic causes of accidents are unsafe conditions of machinery, equipment, or surroundings, and the unsafe actions of persons that are caused by ignorance or neglect of safety principles.</p> <p>The following are the causes of workshop accidents:</p> <ol> <li>Lack of safety devices.</li> <li>Failure to use safety devices provided.</li> <li>Failure to follow laid-down methods for handling tools, equipment and machines.</li>

Driving and Boring Tools

Complexity: Standard

<h1>DRIVING AND BORING TOOLS</h1> <p>CONTENT</p> <ol> <li>Driving Tools</li> <li>Boring Tools</li> </ol> <p> </p> <h2>Driving Tools</h2> <p>Driving tools are used to fix nails and screws into wooden and metal materials. Nails are the iron material with a flat head, smooth stem and sharp end. Screws look like nails but they have turned or twisted stem. Screws are driven into wood with screwdrivers while nails are driven into wood and metals with the use of hammers. Hammers are driving tools that have two parts – a head, which is made of iron and a wooden handle. There are five types of hammers named according to the shape of the head. They are;</p> <p>1. Ball peen hammer.</p> <p>2. Straight peen hammer</p> <p>3. Cross peen hammer</p> <p>4. Planishing hammer</p> <p>5. Blocking head hammer</p> <p>6. Upholstery hammer</p> <p>(i) Straight-peen hammer is used for riveting while other end is used for shaping sheet metals.</p> <p>(ii) Ball-peen hammer is used for general purposes.</p>

Workshop Safety Rules and Regulations

Length: 0 minutesComplexity: Standard

<h1><strong>WORKSHOP SAFETY RULES AND REGULATIONS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Safety Precautions or Attitudes in the Workshop</li> <li>General Safety Precautions in Workshops</li> <li>Accident Prevention Techniques</li> <li>Types of Fire</li> <li>Safety Precautions in Fire Accidents</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Safety Precautions or Attitudes in the Workshop</strong></h2> The following are the safety precautions or attitudes in the workshop: 1. Obedience: Pupils must obey the instructions of their teachers at all times 2. Humility: Show respect to everybody and when you are in doubt about anything, ask question. 3. Fiddling: Never play with any tool, equipment and machine in the workshop, such as ‘’ON/OFF’’ switch. 4. Horseplay: Do not run around in the workshop. Always, be patient and never rush. 5. Negligence: Report any fault or injury to your teacher, no matter how small. <h2><strong>General Safety Precautions in Workshops</strong></h2>

Holding Devices; Cutting and Pairing Tools

Complexity: Standard

<h1>HOLDING DEVICES, CUTTING AND PAIRING TOOLS</h1> <p>CONTENT</p> <ol> <li>Holding Devices</li> <li>Cutting and Paring Tools</li> </ol> <p> </p> <h2>Holding Devices</h2> <p>Woodworking holding devices are the tools used to hold the work piece on the workbench. Woodworkers work on workbenches. It is on these benches that various woodwork constructions are carried out. The centre of the bench is usually lower than its two sides. This area is called a ‘well’ and its function is to accommodate the tools brought from the tool cupboard to the bench top during operations. The tools cannot fall or roll on to the floor or on anyone’s feet because this part is lower than other area of the bench.</p> <p>The fittings are:</p> <h3>1. Bench Vice</h3> <p>It is also called fitter’s vice. It is used to clamp or to hold jobs when the following operations are to be carried out on the bench, filling, bending, tapping, cutting, assembling parts, etc.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-36664 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/bench-vice.jpg" alt="Holding Devices; Cutting and Pairing Tools - Bench vice" width="274" height="192" /></p> <p>Other types of vice are:</p> <h4>Hand Vice</h4> <p>It is used for holding work when performing operations such as drilling, riveting, etc.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-36665 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/hand-vice.jpg" alt="Holding Devices; Cutting and Pairing Tools - Hand vice" width="229" height="192" /></p> <h4>Machine Vice</h4> <p>It is fixed to the table of any machine tool.</p> <h4>The Care of the Vice</h4> <ol> <li>Always keep the vice clean.</li> <li>The thread or the screw inside the vice should be oiled regularly.</li> <li>Do not use the vice as an anvil for hammering a job</li> <li>Always use hand force only to tighten the vice for holding the work piece.</li> </ol> <h3>2. Bench Stop</h3>

Properties of Materials: Properties of Wood

Length: 0 minutesComplexity: Standard

Unfortunately we could not locate the table you're looking for.<h1>PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS - WOOD</h1> <p>CONTENT</p> <ol> <li>Definition of Materials</li> <li>The Definition of Wood</li> <li>Identification of Wood</li> <li>Classification and Properties of Wood</li> <li>Differences in the Properties of Hardwood and Softwood</li> <li>Properties of Materials and Identification of Wood, Timber, Structure of Wood</li> <li>The Growth of Timber and Wood Structure</li> <li>Five Main Parts Cross Section, Classes and Properties</li> </ol> <p> </p> <h2>Definition of Materials</h2> <p>Materials are substances from which other things can be made. Basically, they can be classified into two: metallic and non-metallic. Furthermore, the metallic ones can be subdivided into ferrous and non-ferrous metals, while the non-metallic ones can be divided into natural and synthetic materials.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-19706 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/properties-of-materials.jpg" alt="Properties of materials" width="600" height="175" /></p> <p> </p> <h2>The Definition of Wood</h2> <p>One of the materials that is supplied by nature is wood. Wood is commonly used in some engineering manufacture because it is light, strong and can be worked upon easily.</p> <p>Wood is a material obtained from trees. It is made up of cellulose and lignin each consisting of 60% and 28% respectively.</p> <p> </p> <h2>Identification of Wood</h2> <p>Generally, wood has very good combination of colours to give it high decorative value. This makes it possible to identify some woods by their colour. Examples are:</p> <p></p>

Marking Out Tools, Measuring Tools and Gauge

Complexity: Standard

<h1>MARKING OUT TOOLS, MEASURING TOOLS, AND GAUGE</h1> <p>CONTENT</p> <ol> <li>Marking Out Tools</li> <li>Measuring Tools and Gauge</li> </ol> <p> </p> <h2>Marking Out Tools</h2> <p>These are hand tools used for marking out the required shapes of a particular metal from the sheet metal before cutting in the metal workshop. Examples are:</p> <h3>(i) Surface plate</h3> <p>This is used for checking the alignment and flatness of the object.</p> <h3>(ii) Surface table</h3> <p>This is used for marking out large objects, for checking accuracy, for height alignment and checking parallelism.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-36693 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/surface-plate-surface-table.jpg" alt="Marking Out Tools, Measuring Tools Driving Tools and Cutting Tools - Surface plate - Surface table" width="498" height="179" /></p> <h3>(iii) Scriber</h3> <p>This is used for marking out straight lines on metals in conjunction with other marking out tools.</p> <h3>(iv) Centre punch</h3> <p>This is used to locate the centre of a hole to be drilled.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-36694 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/scriber-and-centre-punch.jpg" alt="Marking Out Tools, Measuring Tools Driving Tools and Cutting Tools - Surface plate - Scriber - Centre punch" width="410" height="195" /></p> <h3>(v) Dot punch</h3>

Properties of Ceramics; Properties of Glass

Length: 0 minutesComplexity: Standard

<h1>PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS; PROPERTIES OF GLASS</h1> <p>CONTENT</p> <p>Properties of Ceramics</p> <ol> <li>Definition of Ceramics</li> <li>Classification of Ceramic Materials</li> <li>Properties of Ceramics</li> </ol> <p>Properties of Glass</p> <ol> <li>Definition of Glass</li> <li>Properties of Glass</li> <li>Uses of Glass</li> </ol> <p> </p> <h2>Properties of Ceramics</h2> <h3>Definition of Ceramics</h3> <p>Clay exists naturally in many parts of the world. When it is wet, it can easily be molded into different shapes and sizes. We use clay to mould various objects like storage pots, cooking pots and dishes.</p> <p>We use mud to construct support for cooking pots, to build houses and also to make bricks for building houses. We make cement blocks that we use for building houses by mixing sand and cement to get typical shape. All the above solid objects made from clay, mud or cement are called ceramics.</p> <p>Ceramics break easily when dropped. We say they are brittle; this differentiates ceramics from metals, plastics, wood and rubber. Ceramics are less dense than most metals. They have high melting points.</p> <p>They are a very large group and have very wide uses such as:</p> <ol> <li>Refractory ceramics (high temperature bricks) for furnaces and flue linings.</li> <li>Tiles, such as roof tiles, glazed and unglazed floor and wall tiles, including white tiles.</li> <li>Sanitary fittings of all kinds usually known as white ware</li> <li>Common brick to high grade engineering brick used for the construction of machinery bases. Basically, they are of:</li> </ol> <p style="padding-left: 40px">(a) Structural clay products, including common bricks and sewer bricks. These products are dried and fired for strength after being made from a mixture of clay and shale.</p>

Driving Tools and Cutting Tools

Complexity: Standard

<h1>DRIVING TOOLS AND CUTTING TOOLS</h1> <p>CONTENT</p> <ol> <li>Driving Tools</li> <li>Cutting Tools</li> </ol> <p> </p> <h2>Driving Tools</h2> <h3>Definition of Driving Tools</h3> <p>Driving tools are tools used for pushing in nails, screws into position. Examples are:</p> <h3>1. Hammers</h3> <p>Hammers have two distinct parts, the handle and the head. While the handle can be made of wood or metallic material, the head is always made of high carbon steel. The hammer is classified according to the type of head, hence we have:</p> <p>Ball peen, straight peen, cross peen and planishing hammer.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-36657 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/driving-tools.jpg" alt="Driving tools - Hammers" width="330" height="318" /></p> <h3>2. Mallets</h3> <p>This is a soft hammer whose head is made of soft material like synthetic rubber to prevent the head from damaging the surface of the work piece.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-36658 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mallets.jpg" alt="Driving tools - mallets" width="442" height="197" /></p> <h3>3. Punches</h3> <p>These are used for producing holes on thin sheets of metal, to mark holes for drilling and to remove rivet. Examples are centre or dot punch, and pin punch for marking drill points.</p> <p><img class="size-full wp-image-36703 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/punches.jpg" alt="Driving tools - Punches" width="260" height="164" /></p>

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