Classification of Crops based on Source of Food Nutrients

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<h1><strong>CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ON SOURCE OF FOOD NUTRIENTS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Classification based on Sources of Food Nutrients e.g. carbohydrates, protein, fat and oil, minerals, vitamins, etc</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Sources of Food Nutrients</strong></h2> Crops can also be grouped based on the class of nutrient derived from them. <strong>Table showing classification of crops based on nutrients, their sources and functions </strong>

Dispersal of Weeds (Weed Dissemination)

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<h1><strong>DISPERSAL OF WEEDS (WEED DISSEMINATION)</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Introduction</li> <li>Meaning of Weed Dispersal</li> <li>Agents of Weed Dispersal</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Introduction</strong></h2> Weeds are widely dispersed through various adaptations. This is one of the reasons why weeds survive and are found in almost all cultivated fields. <h2><strong>Meaning of Weed Dispersal </strong></h2> This is the process by which seeds of weeds, fruits and propagules are carried from one place to another through one agent or the other. <h2><strong>Agents</strong> <strong>of Weed Dispersal</strong></h2> The agents of weed dispersal include the following:

Effects of Timely Harvesting Versus Late Harvesting

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<h1><strong>EFFECTS OF TIMELY HARVESTING AND LATE HARVESTING</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Harvesting</li> <li>Harvesting Techniques</li> <li>Effect of Late Harvesting</li> <li>Effect of Timely Harvesting</li> </ol> <strong> </strong> <h2><strong>Meaning of Harvesting</strong></h2> Harvesting is the removal and gathering of mature crops for processing and storage. The sign of maturity differ for different crops. For crops like yam, cocoyam and ground nut, maturity is signified when most of their leaves are turn into yellow and drying. The purpose of production also affects the maturity, the stage at which the crop is to be used. For example, maize meant to be eaten fresh is generally harvested green while that meant for storage is harvested dried. <h2><strong>Harvesting Techniques</strong></h2> The following are techniques used in harvesting: <ol> <li>Tapping: rubber</li> <li>Cutting: cocoa pods, oil palm fruits and coconut fruits</li> <li>Digging: yam, cocoyam and potato.</li> <li>Uprooting: groundnuts and cassava</li> <li>Picking: cotton bolls.</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Effects of Late Harvesting</strong></h2> The effects of late harvesting include the following:

Effects of Forest on the Environment

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<h1><strong>EFFECTS OF FORESTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Other Uses/Benefits of Forest Resources</li> <li>Importance of Forest</li> <li>Effects of Forest on the Environment</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Other Uses/Benefits of Forest Resources</strong></h2> There are some other benefits of the forest which cannot be quantified in terms of monetary value but which is of great importance to people. These are: <ol> <li>Forest checks erosion of soil.</li> <li>It provides man with sources of food, shelter and protection.</li> <li>It is a source of raw materials for industries.</li> <li>It provides good sources of foreign exchange earnings.</li> <li>Forest resources provide recreational facilities.</li> <li>It provides employment opportunities for people as guards.</li> <li>Forest provides shelter for wildlife and serves as a tourist centre.</li> <li>Forest provides medicinal herbs.</li> <li>It is an important source of fuel for people.</li> </ol> <br> <h2>Importance of Forest</h2> The following are the importance of forest:

Meaning and Differences between Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture

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<h1><strong>SUBSISTENCE AND COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture</li> <li>Characteristics of Subsistence Agriculture</li> <li>Characteristics of Commercial Agriculture</li> <li>Differences between Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture</li> <li>Problems of Subsistence Farming</li> <li>Problems of Commercial Agriculture</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Subsistence and Commercial Agriculture </strong></h2> Basically, agriculture is of two types. All farmers are not the same. Some are rich while others are poor; some have large areas of land while others have very limited land space. The differences among all farmers help to categorize agriculture into two major types, namely subsistence and commercial agriculture. <h3><strong>Subsistence Agriculture (Subsistence Farming) </strong></h3> Subsistence farming is the type of agriculture whereby a farmer cultivates the soil and rears animals in order to produce food enough to feed himself and his family, with little or none left for to be sold. <h3><strong>Commercial Agriculture (Commercial Farming) </strong></h3> This is the type of farming which involves the production of cash crops and animals in large quantity. Food are produced mainly for sale with a motive to make maximum profit. Commercial agriculture is therefore a profit-oriented venture/enterprise. <h2></h2> <h2><strong>Characteristics of Subsistence Agriculture</strong></h2> The following are the characteristic features of subsistence agriculture:

Farm Machinery Maintenance Practices and Precautionary Measures

<h1>FARM MACHINERY MAINTENANCE PRACTICES AND PRECAUTIONARY MEASURES</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Reasons for Maintaining Farm Machines</li> <li>Maintenance of Farm Machinery</li> </ol>   <h2>Reasons for Maintaining Farm Machines</h2> The reasons for maintenance practice are as follows: <ol> <li>To ensure maximum or efficient use of farm machine</li> <li>To keep the machines in a good working condition.</li> <li>To increase their useful life or life span</li> <li>To prevent them from becoming obsolete or from deteriorating</li> <li>To detect or spot the potential machine failure and safety from hazards</li> <li>To prevent vibrations that can produce irritating noise on the farm.</li> <li>Checking oil and water levels regularly prevents any overheating or seizure of the engine.</li> <li>Maintenance of farm machines at times reduces cost, that is, the cost of purchasing new ones may be high.</li> </ol> EVALUATION <ol> <li>State five reasons why farm machines should be maintained.</li> </ol>   <h2>Maintenance of Farm Machinery</h2> <h3>1. Periodic Maintenance of Farm Machinery</h3> Maintenance practices that should be carried out periodically or at regular intervals on the machines include the following:

Environmental Physiology

<h1>ENVIRONMENTAL PHYSIOLOGY</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Environmental Physiology</li> <li>Effects of Changes in Climate on the Growth of Farm Animals</li> <li>Effects of Changes in Climate on Reproduction</li> <li>Effects of Changes in Climate on Milk Production</li> <li>Effects of Changes in Climate on Egg Production</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Environmental Physiology</h2> Environmental physiology is the study of the interrelationship between an organism’s physical functioning and its environment. It also encompasses plant physical functioning. Environmental physiology refers to the effects of the environment on the growth and performance of farm animals. Apart from good feeding, health services render to farm animals changes in the environmental factors determine the productivity of any farm animals. Too high or too low of any of the elements of weather causes negative effects on the well being of the animals.   <h2>Effects of Changes in Climate on the Growth of Farm Animals</h2> <h3>Effects of Extremely High Temperature on the Growth of Farm Animals</h3> Extremely high temperature leads to the following:

Animal Health Management

<h1>ANIMAL HEALTH MANAGEMENT</h1> <ol> <li>Meaning of Animal Health Management</li> <li>Meaning of Disease</li> <li>Causal Organisms of Animal Diseases</li> <li>Predisposing Factors to Diseases</li> <li>Signs of Infections in Animals</li> <li>Reactions of Animals to Pathogenic Attacks</li> <li>Economic Importance of Diseases</li> <li>Selected Diseases of Farm Animals - Affected Animals; Causal Organisms; Mode of Transmission; Symptoms; Prevention/Control</li> <li>General Prevention of Livestock Diseases</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Animal Health Management</h2> Animal health management deals with monitoring the health status of the animals on the farm. It is apparent that a healthy animal will be productive while unhealthy animal apart from not been productive becomes a liability as money would be spent for their treatment. Besides, there is a high risk of transferring the infections to other animals.   <h2>Meaning of Disease</h2> A<strong> disease condition</strong> is a deviation from normal functioning state of the animal’s body which comprises of different components working in unity. In a nutshell, disease is any condition in which there is departure from the normal functioning of the system of the animal’s body.   <h2>Causal Organisms of Animal Diseases</h2> The causal organisms of animal diseases are classified as follow: <h3>1. Pathogenic organisms/factors</h3> These are; <ul> <li>Bacteria</li> <li>Virus</li> <li>Fungi</li> <li>Protozoa</li> <li>Nematodes</li> <li>Parasites</li> </ul> <h3>2. Non-pathogenic factors</h3> These are factors like; <ul> <li>Nutritional deficiency</li> <li>Inanimate objects like chemicals, environmental conditions (extreme cold or heat)</li> </ul>   <h3>Bacteria</h3> They cause diseases by secretion of toxins. Diseases are infectious and contagious. They are transmitted by air, water and animals inform of spores. Examples of bacteria diseases are contagious abortion, anthrax, mastitis, T.B, fowl pox, cow pox, etc.

Distribution of Crops in Nigeria

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<h1><strong>DISTRIBUTION OF CROPS IN NIGERIA </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Distribution of Crops in Nigeria</li> <li>Distribution of Crops of Nigeria</li> <li>Factors Affecting the Distribution of Crops</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Meaning of Distribution of Crops in Nigeria</strong></h2> This refers to the region where each particular crop is mostly adapted in Nigeria. <h2><strong>Distribution of Crops of Nigeria</strong></h2> As you move from the south to the north of the country, the vegetation gradually changes from forest to savanna. There is, of course, no sharp distinction between one forest zone and the other. The vegetation types rather merged into one another. This is due to the gradual change in climatic conditions in the various regions/zones.

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