Digestive System of Birds, Ruminants and Monogastrics
Crop Improvement
<h1>CROP IMPROVEMENT</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Crop Improvement</li> <li>Aims of Crop Improvement</li> <li>Methods/Process of Crop Improvement</li> <li>Genetic Terms</li> <li>Mendelian Laws of Inheritance</li> </ol> <h2>Meaning of Crop Improvement</h2> Crop improvement refers to the ways of developing and breeding of crop varieties which are better than the pre-existing cultivars in a number of characters like taste, height, colour, etc. for a better yield. Crop improvement is defined as the science that deals with the development of new crop varieties with superior quality and quantity. <h2>Aims of Crop Improvement</h2> The following are the aims of crop improvement: <ol> <li>To improve the quality of produce</li> <li>To increase crop yield</li> <li>To adapt crops to adverse climatic conditions</li> <li>To induce resistance to pests and diseases in crop plants</li> <li>To conserve land resources</li> <li>To breed crops with uniform growth and maturity</li> <li>To meet particular needs of growers and consumers</li> <li>To improve harvesting qualities thereby harvesting is done with ease</li> <li>To meet the needs of consumers (processors or industrialists)</li> </ol> <h2>Methods/Process of Crop Improvement</h2> The methods of crop improvement include the following: (a) Introduction (b) Selection (c) Hybridization/Cross Breeding <h3>(a) Introduction</h3> Involves movement of plant(s) from the centre of origin of a supposed centre of evolution to another place where they can adapt and survive. Such imported crops are usually guaranteed by the nation’s plant quarantine service before introducing it to the country. <h4>Advantages of Introduction</h4> <ol> <li>It is used to upgrade the qualities of the local varieties.</li> <li>It brings about varieties adaptable to the soil and climatic conditions of the new area.</li> <li>It enhances greater productivity.</li>
Classification of Crops based on Uses of Crops
<h1><strong>CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS BASED ON USES OF CROPS</strong></h1> CONTENT Classification of Crops based on Uses of Crops <ol> <li>Food and Feed Crops</li> <li>Fibre Crops</li> <li>Oil Crops</li> <li>Latex Crops</li> <li>Beverage Crops</li> <li>Spice Crops</li> <li>Forage Crops</li> <li>Sugar Crops</li> <li>Drug Crops</li> <li>Stimulant Crops</li> <li>Ornamental Crops</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Classification of Crop based on Uses of Crops</strong></h2> Agricultural crops can also be classified on the basis of their economic products or uses. In this classification a crop may belong to more than one group. <h2><strong>Food and Feed Crops: </strong></h2> These crops are produced mainly for consumption by man or livestock. Their various parts are eaten raw, cooked or processed. Food crops can be grouped into the following classes: (i) Cereal crops (ii) Legumes (iii) Vegetable crops (iv) Root and tuber crops (v) Fruit crops <h3><strong>Cereal Crops</strong>:</h3> These crops belong to the grass family called Gramineae. They are grown for their seeds or grains and are rich in carbohydrates (starch). Some grains are ground into powder. Bread is made from wheat and rye flour. Breakfast food, cakes and pastries and livestock feeds are also made from cereals. Examples are rice, millet, rye, maize, sorghum (guinea corn), wheat, barley, oats, acha. etc. The most important cereal crops are rice, wheat and corn. <img class="size-full wp-image-32083 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/classification-of-crops-based-on-uses-of-crops.jpg" alt="Classification of Crop based on Uses of Crops" width="498" height="156" />
Effects of Weed Control on Vegetation and Soil
<h1><strong>EFFECTS OF WEED CONTROL METHODS ON VEGETATION AND SOIL</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Effects of Chemical Control of Weeds on Vegetation and Soil</li> <li>Effects of Bush Burning on Vegetation and Soil</li> <li>Effects of Mechanical/Physical Control of Weeds on Vegetation and Soil</li> <li>Effects of Biological Control of Weeds on Vegetation and Soil</li> <li>Adverse Effects of Weeds/Problems Posed by Weeds in Agriculture/Economic Importance of Weeds</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Effects of Chemical Control of Weeds on Vegetation and Soil </strong></h2> The following are the effects of chemical control of weeds on vegetation and soil: <ol> <li>Herbicides can be poisonous to human beings.</li> <li>Beneficial organisms may be destroyed.</li> <li>Herbicides can pollute soil and ground water.</li> <li>Herbicides can contaminate livestock pasture thereby killing the animals that feed on them.</li> <li>Some herbicides, when used, can kill both good and unwanted plants and animals.</li>
Post-planting Operations
<h1><strong>POST-PLANTING OPERATIONS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Post-planting Operations</li> <li>Post-planting Operations</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Meaning of Post-planting Operations</strong></h2> These are the operations carried out after planting. They include thinning, supplying, mulching, manure/fertilizer application, weeding, control of pests and diseases, harvesting, processing, storing and marketing. <h2><strong>Post-planting Operations</strong></h2> Post-planting operations include the following: <ol> <li>Thinning</li> <li>Supplying</li> <li>Mulching</li> <li>Capping</li> <li>Fertilizer and manure application</li> <li>Weeding</li> <li>Staking</li> <li>Pruning and trimming</li> <li>Control of pests and diseases</li> </ol> <h3>1.<strong> Thinning</strong></h3> This is the removal of extra seedlings from a stand to give room for others to grow. The weakest plants should be carefully pulled up without damaging the remaining ones.
Forest Resources and their Uses
<h1><strong>FOREST RESOURCES AND THEIR USES</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Forest Resources</li> <li>Examples of Resources Found in the Forest</li> <li>Forest Resources and their Uses</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Forest Resources</strong></h2> There are numbers of useful materials which are derived from the forest. The usefulness of each is determined by the culture, taste, environment and the level of social and industrial development the following are some examples of resources found in the forest: <h2><strong>Examples of Resources Found in the Forest</strong></h2> The following resources can be found in the forest:
Meaning, Branches and Importance of Agriculture
<h1><strong>MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Agriculture</li> <li>Definition of Agriculture</li> <li>Branches of Agriculture</li> <li>Importance of Agriculture<strong> </strong></li> </ol> <strong> </strong> <h2><strong>Meaning Of Agriculture</strong></h2> Agricultural science is a subject that deals with the planting of crops, rearing of animals as well as the provision of raw materials for industries. Agriculture is derived from two Latin words ‘<em>ager</em>’ (field) and ‘<i>cultūra</i>’ (cultivation or growing). Literally it means field cultivation. Agriculture is as old as the existence of man. It is regarded as the mother of all other occupations. It is the live-blood of the nation’s economy <h2><strong>Definition of Agriculture </strong></h2> Agriculture can therefore be defined as the act and science of cultivating the soil for the production of crops and livestock management to the processing, packaging, distribution and marketing of plants and animals products for man’s use. Simply put, <strong>agriculture </strong>is the art and science that deals with the cultivation of crops and the rearing of animals for man’s use. Agriculture is defined as the production of crops and the rearing of animals for man’s use. It involves the tilling of the soil, cultivation of crops, rearing of animals for numerous purposes as well as for food . <h2><strong>Branches of Agriculture </strong></h2> The scope and branches (areas of specialization) of agriculture include the following:
Farm Machinery and Implements
FARM MACHINERY AND IMPLEMENTS CONTENT <ol> <li>Farm machinery- Tractor, Bulldozer, Sheller, Dryers, Incubators.</li> <li>Tractor- coupled implements: Plough, Harrow, Ridgers, Planters, Harvesters, Sprayer.</li> </ol> Definition of Farm Machinery Farm machinery refers to complex machine and implement used for carrying out farming operations. Examples include: tractors, bulldozers, shellers, driers, and incubators. The most important implement or machines in the farm, which is used for operating many farm implements is the <em>tractor.</em> Classification of Farm Machines Farm machines and implements can be classified into three groups based on the source and generation of power as follows: (i) Primary Machines: These are the machines that can supply power to other machines and implement for their farming operations. An example is the tractor. (ii) Secondary Machines: These are tractors coupled or mounted machinery or implement used for different operations. Examples are Ploughs, harrows, ridgers, planters, harvesters, and sprayers. (iii) Intermediate Machines: These are powered by a tractor, electricity, or an electric generating set. Examples include grinding machines, incubators. Examples of Farm Machinery Examples of this farm machinery are: 1. Tractor It is a powerful multi-purpose farm machine capable of using its power to perform various farm operations. It has internal combustion engine with either two or four strokes. It transmits power through the power take-off (PTO) shaft, or by means of a moving belt connecting the tractor to another machine. A draw bar attached to the tractor is used in coupling other farm implement to it. Tractors are of different types, namely:
Farm Planning
<h1>FARM PLANNING</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Farm Planning</li> <li>Importance of Farm Planning</li> <li>Factors to be Considered in Farm Planning and Design of Farmstead</li> <li>Principles of Farmstead Planning</li> </ol> <h2>Meaning of Farm Planning</h2> Farm planning is the sketching, outlining and drawing of the farmstead as well as arrangement of the land for proper usage without the risk of land degradation. It is also the general arrangement of a farm before and after its take off. <br> <h2>Importance of Farm Planning</h2> Farm planning is important for the following reasons: <ol> <li>It helps in determining the actual dimension of the farmland</li> <li>It promotes neatness of the farm</li> <li>It helps to describe the future of the soil units</li> <li>It helps to maximize the use of labour and other factors of production</li> <li>It helps in the location of farm structures and buildings</li> <li>It can be used in the preparation of feasibility studies</li> <li>It prevents wastage of farmland and other inputs</li> <li>It is a prerequisite in the registration of farm enterprise</li> <li>It can be used as collateral for getting loans</li> <li>It helps farmers to project his yield before harvesting</li> </ol> EVALUATION <ol> <li>Define the term farm planning</li> <li>Why is farm planning important?</li> </ol> <h2>Factors to be Considered in Farm Planning and Design of Farmstead</h2>
SS2 Agricultural Science Second Term Examination