SS2 Agricultural Science Third Term Examination
SS3 Agricultural Science Second Term Examination
Types of Agriculture based on Levels of Production
<h1><strong>TYPES OF AGRICULTURE BASED ON THE LEVELS OF PRODUCTION</strong></h1> CONTENT<strong> </strong> <ol> <li>Meaning and Characteristics of Subsistence Agriculture</li> <li>Meaning and Characteristics of Commercial Agriculture</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Subsistence Agriculture</strong></h2> <h3><strong>Meaning of Subsistence Agriculture</strong></h3> Subsistence agriculture is defined as the type of agriculture which involves the production of crops and animals by a farmer to feed himself and his family. He produces food for the consumption of the family with little or nothing left for sale. <h3><strong>Characteristics of Subsistence Agriculture</strong></h3> <ol> <li>It requires small capital/finance.</li> <li>Mixed cropping is mostly practiced.</li> <li>There is limited used of agro-chemicals e.g. pesticides and fertilizers.</li> <li>Unimproved varieties of crops and breeds of animals are used.</li> <li>There is little or no surplus for sale.</li> <li>It involves the used of crude/traditional tools such as hoes, machetes/cutlasses.</li> <li>It involves mainly the production of food crops.</li> <li>It is done on small scattered land.</li> <li>It uses family/unskilled labour.</li> <li>Yield/output is low.</li> </ol>
Classification of Animals based on Stomach Types and Feeding Pattern
<h1><strong>CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS BASED ON STOMACH TYPES AND FEEDING PATTERN</strong></h1> CONTENT Classification of Farm Animals based on; <ol> <li>Stomach Types: Ruminant and Non-ruminant Animals</li> <li>Feeding Pattern: Herbivores, Carnivores and Omnivores</li> </ol> <br> <h2><strong>Classifications of Farm Animals Based on Types of Stomach</strong></h2> Farm animals can be classified into <strong>two groups,</strong> according to the type of stomachs or digestive system that they possess. The first group is <strong>ruminants</strong> while the other group is <strong>non-ruminants</strong>. <h3><strong>Ruminants (Polygastrics)</strong></h3> These are animals that have complex stomachs and chew the cud e.g. cattle, sheep, goat, etc. They carry out regurgitation i.e. they act of bringing back already swallowed into the mouth for proper chewing. They chew the cud (rumination) which means they bring back their food into their mouth from the rumen through anti-peristaltic movement for proper chewing. This happened when the animal is resting. The complex stomach of a ruminant is made up of <strong>four cavities/</strong>chambers/compartments, namely;
Farm Structures and Buildings
<h1><strong>FARM STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS<strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Farm Structures</li> <li>Examples of Farm Structures</li> <li>Types of Farm Structures and their Uses</li> <li>Description of Farm Structures</li> <li>Meaning of Farm Buildings</li> <li>Types of Farm Buildings</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Meaning of Farm Structures </strong></h2> Farm structures are facilities constructed on the farmland to ease farm operations e.g. silos, nursery, feed mill, etc. Farm structures are very simple buildings designed to serve specific purposes on the farm so that farm operations are more easily carried out e.g. barns, cribs, silos, etc. <h2><strong>Examples of Farm Structures</strong></h2>
Introduction to Fishery
<h1><strong>FISHERY</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Fishery</li> <li>Examples of Fish</li> <li>Classification of Fish</li> <li>Other Types of Aquatic Organisms</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Definition of Fishery</strong></h2> Fishery refers to the management and production of fish and other aquatic animals. Of all animals living in water, <strong>fish</strong> is the most plentiful of them. Fish belongs to the group of aquatic vertebrates i.e. they have back bones. They are specially adapted to live, raised and reproduced in water. The shape of their body enables them to move easily in water; swim bladder helps them to maintain their balance while the gills are used for respiration. All aquatic animals are found in water bodies such as lakes, pond, streams, rivers, oceans, lagoons and swamps. Other aquatic animals include whales, dolphins, shrimps, lobster, hippopotamus etc.<img class="size-full wp-image-36430 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/fishery-parts-of-a-fish-labelled.jpg" alt="Introduction to Fishery - Parts of a fish (diagram)" width="599" height="299" /> <br> <strong>Parts of a Fish (Diagram)</strong> <br> <h2><strong>Examples of Fish</strong></h2> Some examples of fish are: <ol> <li>Cat fish</li> <li>Mud fish</li> <li>Nile perch</li> <li>Rays</li> <li>Shark</li> <li>Mackerel</li> <li>carps tilapia</li> <li>Croaker etc.</li> </ol> <img class="size-full wp-image-36431 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/fishery-examples-of-fish.jpg" alt="Introduction to Fishery - Examples of fish" width="408" height="364" /> <br> <h2><strong>Classification of Fish</strong></h2>
Source Documents
<h1><strong>SOURCE DOCUMENTS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Systems of Book-keeping</li> <li>Meaning of Sources Documents</li> <li>Examples of Source Documents</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Systems of Book-keeping</strong></h2> Bookkeeping has two major system used by businesses and other organisations. These include: <ol> <li>Single-entry system: This uses only income and expenses accounts, recorded primarily in revenue and expenses journal.</li> <li>Double-entry system: This requires posting each transaction twice, using debits and credits. This study will be limited to single entry system.</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Meaning of Sources Documents</strong></h2> These are documents in which original business transactions are first recorded before been transferred into subsidiary books of account. <h2><strong>Examples of Source Documents</strong></h2> Examples of source documents are:
Agro-Allied Industries and Relationship between Agriculture and Industry
<h1><strong>AGRO-ALLIED INDUSTRIES AND RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Agro-allied Industries</li> <li>Agro-allied Industries and their Raw Materials</li> <li>Industries that Produce Farm Inputs</li> <li>Relationship between Agriculture and Industries</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Meaning of Agro-allied Industries</strong></h2> The term <em>agro-allied industries</em> refers to industries that make use of agricultural produce or products as raw material to produce other finished products. It also refers to the produce that the farmers use as an input in the farm. The continuous existence of these industries is made possible through the raw material derived from agriculture. These industries help to; <ol> <li>provide market for agricultural products;</li> <li>provide employment opportunities;</li> <li>generate income for the government;</li> <li>influence or enhance development of rural areas;</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Agro-allied Industries and their Raw Materials</strong></h2> The following industries make use of agricultural produce or products as raw materials:
SS1 Agricultural Science Third Term Examination
Pests of Crops
<h1>PESTS OF CROPS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Crop Pests</li> <li>Classification of Crop Pests</li> <li>Name and Description of Important Insect Pests</li> </ol> <h2>Meaning of Crop Pests</h2> A pest can be described as an organism, whether plant or animal, which causes economic damage to crop plants, livestock, man and his possessions. They attack crops on the field as well as in the store. They may harm crops directly or introduce diseases into them. Examples of pests are insects, rodents, higher parasitic plants, etc. <h2>Classification of Crop Pests</h2> Pests are classified in different ways as follows: <ol> <li>Insect pests</li> <li>Non-insect pests</li> </ol> <h3>Insect Pests</h3> These are the most serious pests of agricultural importance, and the group includes all insects which cause damages to crops and crop products. Examples of insect pests are grass hopper, weevils, beetles, white flies, termites, crickets and locusts. They feed on crops either on the field or in the store. <h3>Non-insect Pests</h3> These are organisms other than insects which attack and feed on crops. They cause a lot of damages to crops though they are not as many as insect pests. Examples of non-insect pests include rodents like giant rats, grass cutter, monkeys, nematodes and birds. <img class="size-full wp-image-53333 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/non-insect-pests.jpg" alt="Pests of Crops - Non-insect pests" width="650" height="139" /> <h3>Classification of Insect Pests Based on Mouth Parts/Mode of Feeding</h3>