Family Traits (Genetics)
Adaptation of Organisms to their Habitats
<h1><strong>ADAPTATION OF ORGANISMS TO THEIR HABITATS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Adaptation</li> <li>Characteristics of Organisms Found on Land</li> <li>Characteristics of Organisms Found in Water</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Meaning of Adaptation</strong></h2> Adaptation means special features that help an organism to live and survive in a particular habitat. Every living thing on earth belongs to one habitat or the other because it is always interacting with some biotic and abiotic components such as energy, water, air (oxygen), food, carbon dioxide and suitable living conditions. For example, there are certain species of plants and animals that can survive only in rain forest habitat and not in the desert and vice versa. <br> <h2><strong>Characteristics of Organisms Found on Land</strong></h2> The following are the characteristics of organisms found on land:
Energy: Meaning; Sources and Forms of Energy
<h1><strong>MEANING, SOURCES AND FORMS OF ENERGY </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Energy</li> <li>Sources of Energy</li> <li>Forms of Energy</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Meaning of Energy</strong></h2> Energy is the ability or capacity of the body to do work. Anything which possesses the ability to exert a force is having energy. Energy is a measure of the ability to do work and is absolutely necessary for everything including life itself. For example, if an object is moved from one point to another, work has been done. Work requires the use of energy. It is the energy that enables us to do work. <h2><strong>Sources of Energy</strong></h2> Energy is gotten from the following sources:
Changes in Non-living Things: Physical and Chemical Changes
<h1><strong>CHANGES IN NON-LIVING THINGS</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Types of Changes in Non-living Things</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Types of Changes in Non-living Things</strong></h2> Non-living matter undergo changes i.e they can be made to change from one state to another. They can be made to form new substances. Changes in non-living things can be classified into physical changes and chemical changes. <h2><strong>Physical Changes</strong></h2> Physical changes are changes in which no new substances are formed. A physical change is a temporary change, It is reversible. The composition of the new substance does not change when undergoing a physical change. Examples are: 1. Melting of candle wax. 2. Dissolution of salt in water to form a salt solution. Salt + Water <img class="alignnone size-full wp-image-14541" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/single-arrow.jpg" alt="right pointing arrow" width="77" height="7" /> Salt solution 3. All changes in state of matter are physical changes. Such as, vapourization of liquid to gases.
Environmental Hazards: Soil Erosion and Flooding
Transformation of Energy; Uses of Energy
<h1><strong>TRANSFORMATION AND USES OF ENERGY</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Transformation of Energy</li> <li>Uses of Energy</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Transformation of Energy </strong></h2> Energy changes happen daily around us. The law of Conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but it can change from one form to another. The following are examples of transformation of energy: <ol> <li>Mechanical Energy → Heat energy e.g. rubbing two surfaces against each other</li> <li>Chemical energy → Light energy e.g. torch light battery.</li> <li>Sound Energy → Electrical energy e.g. microphone, loudspeaker</li>
Meaning of Chemicals; Classification of Chemical; Chemical Safety
<h1>CHEMICALS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Chemicals</li> <li>Classification of Chemicals</li> <li>Chemical Safety</li> </ol> <h2>Meaning of Chemicals</h2> Chemicals are substances with specific molecular composition. A chemical can be in form of gas, liquid, or solid. It can also be in simple or complex form. They can be in form of element, compound, and mixtures. <p style="text-align: center;"><img class="size-full wp-image-19641 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/mercury.jpg" alt="Mercury" width="353" height="228" /><strong>Mercury</strong></p> <span style="color: #008000;">Chemical elements are basic substances that are often used to make other products. Mercury is one of the few elements that are liquid at room temperature. This element is poisonous and can be absorbed through the skin.</span> <h2>Classification of Chemicals</h2> <h3>Classification Based on Uses</h3> <ol> <li>Pharmaceutical chemicals</li> <li>Nuclear chemicals</li> <li>Agrochemicals</li> <li>Industrial chemicals and</li> <li>Laboratory chemicals.</li> </ol> 1.<strong> Pharmaceutical Chemicals: </strong>They are chemicals formulated to act as remedy on living cells, they could be herbal or chemical synthesis. They are used for making of drugs. Such as antibiotics, antiseptics etc. 2.<strong> Nuclear Chemicals:</strong> They are chemicals that function based on the activities within the nucleus. Some of these chemicals can split or disintegrate (decay) through the process of radioactivity. It can be used for positive or negative purpose. E.g. it is used during X-ray. 3.<strong> Agrochemical:</strong> These are chemicals used for agricultural purposes. Examples are pesticides, herbicides, fertilizers, and organic manure.
Bush Burning and Deforestation
Renewable and Non-renewable Energy
<h1><strong>RENEWABLE AND NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY</strong></h1> CONTENT Renewable Energy <ol> <li>Meaning of Renewable Energy</li> <li>Uses/Advantages of Renewable Energy</li> <li>Misuse/Disadvantages of Renewable Energy</li> </ol> Non-renewable Energy <ol> <li>Meaning of Non-renewable Energy</li> <li>Uses/Advantages of Non-renewable Energy</li> <li>Misuse/Disadvantages of Non-renewable Energy</li> </ol> <h2><strong>Renewable Energy </strong></h2> <h3><strong>Meaning of Renewable Energy</strong></h3> Renewable is the energy from a source that can last forever or that is replaced naturally. Examples of renewable energy are: (i) Solar energy (ii) Wave energy (iii) Hydro-energy from hydroelectric dams that have generators turned by water to produce electricity (e.g. Kanji dam, Shiroro dam). (iv) Biomass/Biofuels (v) Wind energy which is a source of energy used to run windmills to produce electricity. Wind power is not common in Nigeria as in overseas countries. Sun, wind and water will always exist and hence termed renewable energy. <h3><strong>Uses/Advantages of Renewable Energy</strong></h3> Renewable energy is useful or advantageous for the following reasons:
Elements and Compounds
<h1>CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Element</li> <li>Elements and their Symbols</li> <li>Names of Elements Derived From the Latin Name</li> <li>Chemical Compound</li> <li>Nature of Elements</li> <li>Mixture</li> </ol> <h2>Meaning of Element</h2> Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into anything else. Everything in the world are built up from these elements. There are about one hundred and twelve (112) elements known today. Scientists use short forms called symbols to represent elements as shown below. <h2>Elements and their Symbols</h2>