Basic Science Lesson Notes

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Work, Energy and Power: Potential and Kinetic Energy

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<h1>WORK, ENERGY AND POWER</h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Meaning of Work, Energy and Power</li> <li>Meaning of Potential and Kinetic Energy</li> </ol>   <h2>Meaning of Work</h2> Work is said to be done whenever a force or load moves through a distance. i.e. work = force × distance moved in the direction of the force (f × d). <img class="size-full wp-image-11900 aligncenter" src="https://classhall.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/04/work-done-1.jpg" alt="Work done" width="386" height="220" /> Mathematically W(d) = f × d The unit of work is joules with symbol J.   <h2>Force</h2> Force is that which changes a body’s state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line. It can as well be expressed as: Force = mass × acceleration i.e. F = m × a Where: F = force, M = mass and A = acceleration The unit of force is Newton (N). If force = mass × acceleration Work can be given as: Work = Mass × acceleration × distance. Also, W = F × S Where, W = Work done is measured in <strong>Joules (J)</strong>

Introduction to Basic Science

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<h1><strong>INTRODUCTION TO SCIENCE </strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Science</li> <li>How to Study Science</li> <li>The Branches of Science</li> <li>Uses of Science</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Definition of Science </strong></h2> Science is the systematic study of nature. Basic science is a subject that introduces sciences to mankind. <h2><strong>How to Study Science </strong></h2> Science is studied through the following ways:

Force: Meaning; Types and Uses of Force

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<h1><strong>MEANING AND TYPES OF FORCE</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Force</li> <li>Mathematical Expression of Force</li> <li>Types of Forces</li> <li>Differences between Gravitational Force and Magnetic Force</li> <li>Uses of Force</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Definition of Force</strong></h2> Force is any action that moves an object or alters its uniform motion in a given direction. Force is the product of mass of the objects and its acceleration. The greater the mass of the object, the greater the force required to move it. Examples of force are pull, push, tension forces and frictional force between surfaces. <strong>Force is measured in Newton.</strong> <h2><strong>Mathematical Expression of Force</strong></h2> F ά mass × acceleration F = ma, where m = mass and a = acceleration due to gravity <h2><strong>Types of Forces </strong></h2> There are two types of force. These are; <ol> <li>Contact force</li> <li>Non-contact force/force field</li> </ol> <h3><strong>Contact Force </strong></h3>

Family Health: Sanitation

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<h1><strong>FAMILY HEALTH - SANITATION</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>The Meaning of Sanitation</li> <li>Types of Sanitation</li> <li>How to Carry Out Personal Cleanliness</li> <li>Advantages of Observing Personal Cleanliness</li> <li>Disadvantages of Not Observing Personal Cleanliness</li> <li>The Importance of Sanitation</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>The Meaning of Sanitation</strong></h2> Sanitation is the removal of all kinds of waste that could be considered unpleasant from our immediate environment, in order to keep ourselves and our environment clean and healthy. <h2><strong>Types of Sanitation</strong></h2> The types of sanitation are as follows: (i) <strong>Environmental Sanitation:</strong> This refers to the practice or ways of keeping our surrounding clean and healthy by removing all kinds of waste from our rooms, toilets, bathrooms, kitchens and surroundings such as markets, schools etc. (ii)<strong> Personal cleanliness:</strong> This is the keeping of one’s body and personal belongings neat, clean and tidy always. Personal cleanliness is important for health because it prevents very tiny organisms (micro-organisms) which can cause diseases.   <h2><strong>How to Carry Out Personal Cleanliness</strong></h2> We can carry out personal cleanliness by doing the following:

Calculation of Gravitational Force

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<h1><strong>CALCULATION OF GRAVITATIONAL FORCE</strong></h1> CONTENT <ol> <li>Definition of Gravitational Force</li> <li>Calculation of Gravitational Forces</li> </ol>   <h2><strong>Definition of Gravitational Force</strong></h2> This is the force with which the earth pulls all objects towards its centre. It is also called force of gravity. The instrument used for measuring gravitational force is called spring balance. <h2><strong>Calculation of Gravitational Forces</strong></h2> The unit of force is Newton (the symbol is N). The unit was named after Sir Isaac Newton who first discovered the facts about gravity. The weight of a body is the force the earth exerts on it. <strong>All forces are measured in Newton.</strong> On the earth surface the universal value of acceleration due to gravity (g) is 9.8m/s<sup>2</sup> or 10m/s<sup>2</sup> To calculate gravitational force (Gf). The following formulae are used: 1. F = mg, used for calculation of gravitational force. <strong>Example 1:</strong> Calculate the gravitational force required to pull down a mango fruit of 10kg falling with acceleration of 5m/s<sup>2</sup>. <strong>Solution:</strong> F = mg, where F is unknown, m = 10kg, a = 5m/s<sup>2</sup> ∴ F = 10 × 5 = 50 N. <strong>Example 2:</strong>

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